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First, the main symptoms of poisoning stiffness: after inserting yellow does not turn green; old leaves first withered, dry tips, rice vine clusters; root dark brown, with black roots and deformed roots, little white root, soft cotton inelastic.
1. Reasons for the occurrence: The amount of organic fertilizer that is not decomposed is too much, or the cultivation of green manure is too late; the soil permeability is poor; when the organic manure decomposes, the reducing substance poisons the roots and the seedlings grow stagnant.
2. Preventive measures: Properly cultivate dark green manures without using organic fertilizers; improve the quality of plowing, dry plowing, use of lime and gypsum, and accelerate decomposition; reduce groundwater level; plow fields, drying fields, increase in temperature and oxygen, Elimination of poisons.
Second, the bubble soil is stiff
1, the main symptoms: soil floating rotten, after the insertion of seedlings sinking; rice seedlings clustered, returning green fast, late tiller, the formation of stiff seedlings; leaves yellow, underground jointing, root position up; no new roots, old roots change Yellow brown, black roots increased.
2. Occurrence reasons: rotted squish fields, cold paddy fields, deep feet, poor ventilation of soil, strong reductibility, deep depression of transplanted seedlings, poor root growth, newly changed paddy fields, loose topsoil, and seedlings sinking with soil.
3. Prevention and control measures: reduce the groundwater level or open the ditch to draw cold spring water. Ploughing and sowing in winter, increasing phosphorus and potash fertilizers to improve soil physical and chemical properties; Or apply gypsum to accelerate the sedimentation of soil particles.
Third, the lack of phosphorus rigidity
1, the main symptoms: slow growth, no delay after birth, was family-like; leaves upright, dark green leaves with purple-gray, short leaves, leaf sheath length, severe longitudinal curl; root slender, yellow, soft cotton less Elasticity, or black roots.
2. Reasons for the occurrence: Low available phosphorus in soil; Low-temperature or cold-water paddy fields, weak ability to absorb phosphorus; The soil reducing substances inhibit the absorption of phosphorus; In the decomposition of green manure, phosphorus is physiologically fixed.
3. Prevention and control measures: Increase the use of phosphate fertilizers, cultivating water, planting fields, increasing the soil temperature, improving the permeability of the soil, eliminating reducing substances, increasing the amount of phosphorus in the root system, and using indirect fertilizers such as lime and gypsum.
Fourth, potassium deficiency
1, the main symptoms: plant type dwarf, very few tillers; leaves have amorphous auburn spots, called bialow, far look like burning charred; roots decayed and decayed, after the black rot; diseased plants can easily pull up; serious illness often Concurrent with foliar leaf spot.
2. Reasons for the occurrence: Low effective potassium content in the soil; diazo-light potassium, imbalance in nitrogen and potassium ratio, lower potassium to nitrogen ratio, and more severe disease; poisoning, stiffening and cold damage, growth of poorly-frozen rice roots, poor potassium absorption, and frequent Concurrency.
3. Prevention and control measures: Increase the application of early potash fertilizer; drain the gutter and reduce the groundwater level. The sand field is mixed with mud, and the soil is mixed with sand to improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil. The shallow water is used for groundwater irrigation to increase the water temperature and increase oxygen ventilation. The disease is immediately drained, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are added, and cultivators and arable fields are added.
V. Zinc deficiency
1, the main symptoms: the base leaves dry, then the lower leaves appear brown rust patches; leaves slowly, heart leaf curl, pale green, bleaching, old leaf veins brittle and easy to break; rice plants become shorter, later on the axillary; root fine Short, such as with the poisoning stiff hair, dark brown.
2. Reasons for the occurrence: Low effective zinc content in the soil, high soil pH, and low zinc solubility; hydrolysis of urea increases carbonate concentration and resists absorption of zinc by rice seedlings; large amounts of lime are used, and zinc is fixed on the surface of calcium carbonate particles.
3, prevention and control measures: increase zinc fertilizer; zinc-deficient soil, nitrogen fertilizer application of ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate and other physiological acid fertilizer; phosphorus fertilizer and zinc fertilizer application, improve the balance of phosphorus and zinc, improve the absorption and utilization of phosphorus, zinc.
6, cold damage
1, rice seedlings slender and weak, light green with yellow, clustered without hair; tip dry, serious irregular spots, and from the tip to the base along the edge of the coke; rice root brown, new roots; large temperature difference between day and night At that time, there was a "white knot" or "joint knot yellow".
2. Reasons for the occurrence: The transplanting plant is too cold or cold intrusion in the cold wave after the planting (average temperature is below 15°C), and it is cold and cold. The soil temperature and water temperature are low in the cold paddy fields and Shanyin fields in the hilly areas. Fertilizer decomposition is slow and easy. Causes chill-type stiffness.
3. Prevention and control measures: nurture strong and strong 秧, when the daily average temperature is stable above 15°C, transplant rice; after shallow greening, put it in shallow water, increase temperature and increase oxygen, promote rooting and steaming, and open mountains and ridges to open the “ring mountain ditch†cold paddy fields. Avoid the ditch, eliminate springs and cold water, and lower the water table.
Seven, early spike
1, the main symptoms: during the field, young panicles have begun to differentiate, heading prematurely after transplanting; shorten the main stem, leaves reduced, rice ear smaller. Long heading period, inconsistent maturity.
2. Reasons for the occurrence: Long-term ageing is the dominant factor that causes early spikes; if sowing is too dense, or fertilizer is lacking, or the temperature is too high during the breeding period, the phenomenon of early spikes will increase.
3. Prevention and control measures: According to the physical properties of the varieties, the sowing date and seedling age should be determined so that strong seedlings can be transplanted in appropriate age, and the seedlings can be appropriately broadcasted in a small amount to ensure that the growth of individual seedlings during transplanting is not restricted.
Eight, premature aging
1. Main symptoms: Generally, premature aging occurs during the late milking period; leaf color is yellowish or brownish at first, and then gradually yellows afterwards. The top of the leaves is white and dead. The leaves are thin and curved.
2. Causes: Variety of adverse stress resistance, upper leaves thin, prone to premature dehydration; early rice high-temperature hot wind, late rice cold low tide effect; premature water shortage late, defertilizer; paddy soil anoxic, strong reduction, root premature aging.
3. Prevention and control measures: Use dwarf varieties with strong resilience and not premature aging; Strengthen management of middle and late fertilizer and water, and keep water early in the later period; Early rice cooling under high temperature and deep water; Late rice under low temperature and deep water insulation; Late moist irrigation. Water and gas conflicts.
During the growth of rice fields, rice often suffers physical obstacles due to poor external conditions or improper cultivation and management measures. It shows abnormal growth and decreased yield. The main physiological disorders, symptoms, causes, and prevention and control measures are summarized as follows: