The relationship between trace elements and animal immunity is very close. It is an indispensable nutrient for animals. It is directly involved in cellular immunity and humoral immunity of animals, and plays an important role in maintaining the structure and function of animal central immune organs and peripheral immune organs. Trace elements have been widely recognized as a necessary nutrient component for animal organisms. The research results in recent years show that trace elements also play an important role in the immune performance of animals. Trace elements not only directly affect the development of animal immune organs, affecting animal specific and non-specific immune functions. It also plays an important role in regulating the growth, reproduction, metabolism and toxin production of microorganisms in the organism. When there is a lack of trace elements in animals, there will be a series of problems such as weakened immunity and decreased resistance to disease. One, copper immunity Copper as a complementary group of enzymes (such as superoxide dismutase, cytochrome C oxidase and plasma ceruloplasmin) in animals has an important role in regulating the biological activity of these enzymes. Copper forms the body's defense system by its enzymes, increasing the cell's anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant abilities and strengthening the body's immune performance. Second, zinc immunity Zinc can rely on enzymes involved in zinc and regulate immune function. For example, zinc is an activating factor for thymidine nucleotidase, DNA polymerase, and nucleoside phosphorylase. These enzymes play an important role in the mitosis of lymphocytes, the production of peripheral lymphocytes, and the maintenance of the normal function of T cells. . Common features of zinc deficiency in animals are: slow growth and development, shrinking immune organs, and suppression of the immune system. As the central immune organ of animals, the thymus plays an important role in regulating the immune function and immune status of the body. Zinc deficiency can severely damage the thymus. Some tests have confirmed that zinc has the effect of promoting the proliferation of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (boPBMC) and Ig secretion in isolated cows, and has obvious milking action. Third, iron immunity Iron is one of the most important trace elements in the body of an animal. It is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytokines. Iron deficiency and excess can cause damage to the immune system. Iron, like zinc, is required for all types of enzymes in the body. It has important effects on body tissue and blood transferrin and egg transferrin. When iron is insufficient, Will affect the body's immune properties of globulin-containing substances. Iron also exerts tremendous influence on the function of cellular immunity. Iron deficiency can lead to macrophage migration and suppression factors, impaired phagocyte activity, decreased peripheral lymphocyte response to antigens, decreased total complement activity and C3 components. Interferon activity and interleukin production decreased. Fourth, manganese immunity Divalent manganese stimulates the cells of the immune organs at a certain dose, thereby enhancing cellular immunity. Manganese can also increase the amount of interferon (INF) in the body, thereby enhancing macrophage phagocytosis. Low concentrations of manganese are essential elements in lymphocyte proliferation, and high concentrations of manganese compete with Ca2+, thereby inhibiting cell proliferation. It has been found that manganese seems to selectively affect the T cell proliferative response but has little effect on the B cell proliferative response. V. Selenium immunity The lack of selenium can impede the development of the Bursa's bursa, which is the loosening of lymphoid organ structure, and the reduction of the number of macrophages and lymphocytes. The addition of appropriate amounts of selenium to commercial broiler chicken feeds can delay the degradation and atrophy of the follicles of the bursa of Fabricius, and can significantly reduce the total number of lymphocytes in the chicks' serum. The mortality rate of the chicks is significantly lower than that of the basal diet group (P<0.05). VI. Immunity to chromium Many scholars conducted a large number of experimental studies on the relationship between chromium and livestock immunity, confirming that chromium can effectively improve the body's immune level. Livestock and poultry under the effect of stress, serum cortisol levels will increase, glucocorticoid content also increased. Glucocorticoids can inhibit the production of cytokinins and antibodies; inhibit lymphocyte function; leukocyte proliferation. Supplementation of chromium in the diet can significantly reduce serum cortisol levels and impair glucocorticoid suppression of the immune system. Seven, conclusion Trace elements play an extremely important role in regulating the body's immune function. It has a positive influence on the specific immunity and non-specific immunity of animals. But there are still some problems that plague us, such as the appropriate amount of trace elements in animal diets; how to improve the absorption and utilization of trace elements; the deeper mechanism of the influence of trace elements on immune function; the synergistic effect of trace elements on the immune system. influences. Looking forward, the knowledge of the disciplines such as trace element organication, integrated application of molecular biology, and molecular immunology is the only way to solve these problems. Breathing Circuit-Corrugated,Disposable Breathing Circuit,Disposable Anesthesia Circuit,Medical Connector Tubing Hangzhou Trifanz Medical Device Co., Ltd , https://www.cfzmed.com