The National Health and Family Planning Commission recently released news that since December 2016, the H7N9 epidemic in some parts of China has risen. According to the risk assessment of China's CDC, at present, China has entered the high incidence of the H7N9 epidemic, and the overall characteristics of the epidemic have not changed. In the most recent period, the outbreak of H7N9 in the Mainland of China is still spreading, and it is not ruled out that cases continue to occur in some parts of the south.

Winter and spring is also a season of high incidence of respiratory infections. Before and after the Spring Festival, the flow of people and logistics will increase the chance of respiratory infections. Experts suggest that the public should avoid contact with dead and sick birds in their daily lives and try to avoid direct contact with live birds, birds or their droppings. If they come into contact, they should wash their hands as soon as possible; fresh, live, frozen poultry and livestock products with quarantine certificates should be purchased. Such as "chilled, frozen" poultry meat products, etc.; raw poultry, livestock meat and eggs, etc. must be boiled thoroughly, thoroughly processed after processing raw poultry meat and eggs; should pay attention to food hygiene, food processing To achieve separation between raw and cooked; to develop a healthy lifestyle, to maintain normal rest as much as possible, and to strengthen physical activity; if there is fever and respiratory symptoms, you should wear a mask to seek treatment as soon as possible.

The virus has strong resistance to low temperature

It is reported that the H7N9 outbreak was caused by the H7N9 virus. Since the first case of human infection with H7N9 in East China in 2013, the H7N9 epidemic has experienced seasonal epidemics in winter and spring each year.

The incubation period of H7N9 cases is generally more than 7 days or up to 10 days. Pneumonia is the main clinical manifestation, patients often have fever, cough, sputum, may be associated with headache, muscle aches, diarrhea or vomiting and other symptoms. Severe disease patients develop rapidly, many severe pneumonia in the incidence of 3 to 7 days, most of the body temperature continued above 39 °C, breathing difficulties, may be associated with hemoptysis. Rapidly progresses to acute respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. A small number of patients may be mild and only show symptoms of fever with upper respiratory tract infections. There is no specific manifestation of early onset of H7N9 cases. Early diagnosis and early management are difficult. The severe cases in the later stage have poor therapeutic effect and high mortality. The overall case fatality rate of the currently reported cases is about 40%.

The most important risk factor that causes human infection with the H7N9 virus is an environment that is directly or indirectly exposed to infected live poultry or infected poultry. At present, most cases of H7N9 cases diagnosed in China are exposed or exposed to live poultry before the onset of disease, and the proportion of H7N9 exposed to live poultry markets is mostly high. There is no evidence that the H7N9 virus can be transmitted to humans through properly handled poultry or poultry eggs.

In addition, eating cooked food will not be infected with the H7N9 virus. Bird flu viruses are generally sensitive to heat and can be inactivated by heating to 65°C for 30 minutes or 100°C for more than two minutes. The virus has strong resistance to low temperature and can maintain viability for more than 1 year in the presence of 4 °C water or glycerol.

Surveillance showed that although there were occasional local clusters (2 to 3 cases each, no recurrences occurred), there was no evidence that the H7N9 virus can continue to be "human-to-human".

After the Spring Festival, the number of cases decreased significantly

According to the epidemic law of the past epidemics, the annual incidence of the disease after the Spring Festival will show a significant decline, and it will show a low level of prevalence until late April. At present, the rising trend of the epidemic has been curbed, and in recent key epidemic areas, more stringent control measures have been adopted for the live poultry business market and live-bird trade. It is believed that the further development of the control of the epidemic will play a very good role.

Experts said that poultry is a good source of food protein for the human body and it is cheap and good. Chickens, ducks and other poultry can certainly be bought or eaten, but they must be eaten safely.

One is to pay attention to avoid purchasing live poultry, direct contact with live poultry, and killing live poultry. It is necessary to try to buy and eat cold and fresh poultry, chilled poultry and their products with quarantine certificates. Especially in areas where the H7N9 outbreak has been found, do not buy live birds. Scientific analysis proves that concentrated cold-fresh poultry and chilled poultry slaughtered not only have the same nutritional value as slaughtered live poultry, but also can greatly reduce the risk of infections such as H7N9.

Second, live poultry must not be purchased from mobile vendors, nor should live poultry purchased from live poultry markets or mobile vendors be polycultured with their own domestic poultry. The survey found that in some areas that have already closed the main urban live poultry market, H7N9 cases have appeared in suburban junctions and rural areas in the near future. The vast majority are due to the purchase of live birds from mobile vendors or the mixing of foreign and domestic birds. After exposure, it causes an exposed infection.

The third is to remind the elderly population, especially those who have basic diseases such as chronic lung disease, diabetes, and coronary heart disease, and people with poor physique, to avoid or reduce contact with live poultry when buying poultry products. Less to live birds.

Older people are more vulnerable to infection

The monitoring showed that the most recently reported cases of H7N9 were mainly retirees, housework, unemployed people and rural people; the majority were middle-aged and elderly people; most cases had basic diseases; most of the cases had come into contact with live birds or had been There are markets where live poultry are sold; elderly people and people with underlying diseases are more likely to have severe illness and death after the onset of infection.

In addition, people who engage in non-scale and non-standardized poultry breeding, trafficking, slaughter, etc., have more exposure to infected poultry and are at higher risk of infection.

Experts said that there is currently no vaccine available to prevent the H7N9 virus infection. The seasonal flu vaccine does not prevent the H7N9 flu, but the seasonal flu vaccine can help reduce the risk of severe complications and hospitalization due to seasonal flu.

It is reported that currently for H7N9 cases, the main anti-virus and symptomatic treatment. To reduce the occurrence of severe cases and deaths of H7N9, it is very important to have early treatment and early treatment. In particular, the use of antiviral drugs, such as oseltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu), is best used as soon as possible after the onset. Therefore, it is recommended that the H7N9 epidemic should be carried out in high-risk seasons and high-risk areas. If fever and respiratory symptoms occur, masks should be worn as soon as possible to go to a regular medical institution for diagnosis and treatment, and the doctors should be informed of possible poultry contact before the onset of disease, and the environmental conditions of the birds, such as whether to go Live poultry markets, where to travel recently, etc.

The National Health and Family Planning Commission recommends that medical personnel comprehensively assess the clinical manifestations and suspicious exposure history of patients and suspect that they are infected with the H7N9 virus. Antiviral drugs should be used as soon as possible without waiting for the etiological test results to reduce the likelihood of the patient's condition becoming severe.

Expert prevention and control advice

After infected with the H7N9 virus, birds generally do not show morbidity or death. Therefore, a bird that looks healthy on the surface does not mean that it is safe. Contact with live poultry or exposure to a live poultry environment, especially if live poultry is purchased in areas with outbreaks, will greatly increase the risk of contracting the H7N9 virus. Efforts should be made to change the habit of purchasing and consuming live poultry, selecting a regular supermarket or farmers' market, and purchasing chilled fresh and chilled poultry that are confirmed to be safe by the formal sector quarantine, which can greatly reduce the risk of H7N9 virus infection.

Try to avoid contact with live birds, not to contact sick or dead birds. In areas where live bird trade is prohibited, mobile vendors selling live poultry are found to report in time.

Raw and cooked separately, cooked and cooked thoroughly. When cooking, cooking must be done separately. Chickens, ducks and other poultry meat and meat products as well as poultry eggs must be cooked and cooked before cooking.

When engaging in the poultry breeding, transportation, sales, slaughter and other industries, personnel in the contact with poultry should do personal protection (wearing gloves, masks, overalls). After contact, pay attention to clean hands thoroughly with disinfectant and water. Rural poultry and livestock breeding must be relatively isolated from the living environment to avoid the polyculture of different livestock, nor to polyculture of foreign and domestic poultry. The sick and dead poultry shall be promptly reported to the animal health supervision agency for proper handling.

If you have fever, headache, nasal congestion, cough, general malaise and other symptoms, you should wear a mask, go to the hospital as soon as possible, and take the initiative to tell the doctor whether he had contact with birds and their secretions before the onset, excrement, have been to the live poultry market Such conditions allow doctors to make timely and accurate diagnosis and give targeted treatment.

Maintain good personal hygiene habits, wash your hands frequently, cover your nose and mouth when you cough and sneeze, and drink raw water. Living and living environment should pay attention to moderate ventilation. Pay attention to diet and nutrition, ensure adequate sleep, strengthen physical activity, enhance physical fitness, and improve immunity. (China Youth Daily reporter Shuguang Zhe)

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