First, the fermentation bed chicken - Liguo, Limin, Li chicken China is a large chicken-rearing country. In 2005, the country’s chicken rearing capacity was 7 billion. In 2005, the country’s total egg production reached 28.795 million tons, which accounted for 43.7% of the total world egg production, ranking first in the world. While the chicken industry has achieved great results, environmental pollution has also come one after another. Chicken manure is the main waste of chicken farms. In China since the mid-1970s, with the rise of large-scale chickens, the treatment of chicken manure has plagued chicken farm operators and relevant management departments. According to the information, some chicken egg farms in China are not treated in time due to chicken droppings. The ammonia gas and hydrogen sulfide gas emitted by the chicken droppings make the laying hens suffer from respiratory diseases. The egg production rate is only 30% of the normal chicken farms. . Due to the poor environment of chicken farms and the spread of chicken diseases, the overall mortality rate of some chicken farms is as high as 35%, which seriously affects the economic benefits of chicken farms. According to statistics, the amount of animal manure produced in China reached 2.1 billion tons in 2001, which is 2.7 times that of industrial solid waste. It is estimated that by 2010, the national livestock and poultry manure emissions will reach 4.5 billion tons. If such a large amount of livestock and poultry excrement is handled improperly, it will inevitably bring about serious ecological and social problems. Goldfish Fermentation Bed Chicken There is no doubt that farms that do not do any treatment of chicken manure have become a major environmental source of pollution and pose a serious threat to their own production and the surrounding environment. To this end, the State Environmental Protection Administration has formulated and issued the "Drainage Standards for Livestock and Poultry Breeding Industry" and the "Technical Code for Pollution Prevention and Control of Livestock and Poultry Breeding," which strictly regulates the discharge standards for pollutants from various aquaculture enterprises. Experts at home and abroad have carried out a lot of research on the method of sewage purification of livestock and poultry manure, and have a certain effect on the existing treatment technology of various livestock and poultry manure. However, due to the large investment and high operating costs, it is difficult for the farms to bear the huge amount of manure processing investment, making it difficult for the livestock and poultry breeding enterprises (farmers) who are already at a meager profit to suffer. In desperation, many large and medium-sized cities in China do not create urban areas. Pollution, demarcation of the prohibition area, and relocation of farms that have caused pollution in the suburbs to rural areas. At present, livestock manure processing and utilization methods commonly used include poultry manure drying, fermentation, animal manure and urine production, and biogas production and compost return. Although these methods use some of the excreta to reduce the pollution of the aquaculture in varying degrees, it is difficult to fundamentally realize the harmlessness and resource utilization of livestock and poultry excreta. The difficulty of chicken manure treatment comes from two aspects: On the one hand, the commercial value of chicken manure is low; on the other hand, the chicken manure has high moisture content, large viscosity, many impurities, and large odor, making it more difficult to process. Our country’s technological level in this area still has a certain gap compared with developed countries. It is difficult for the state to invest huge amounts of money for environmental protection without direct economic benefits. The meager profits of the aquaculture industry also make it difficult for companies to invest in environmental protection alone. About 80% of the country's large-scale livestock and poultry farms do not have pollution control facilities. Livestock and poultry manure are generally discharged on site without any treatment. During the fourteen years from 1991 to 2004 in Shanghai, a total of 242 million yuan has been invested in the pollution control of livestock and poultry breeding. However, the lesson learned from more than ten years of pollution control of livestock and poultry is high input, low efficiency, and failure to make full use of resources. The problem of livestock and poultry pollution prevention has not been fundamentally solved; the revelation is that the road to discharge pollutants from livestock and poultry will not work, and only comprehensive utilization of resources and recycling will be the fundamental way out. Although laying hens and cages have made great contributions to the development of the poultry industry, with the advancement of society and the improvement of people’s ideology, animal welfare has become the public’s primary concern. Under cage conditions, chickens can only instinctively eat, drink, lay eggs, and sleep. Long-term cage maintenance puts the chicken in a state of irritability, helplessness, and even pain. The behavior of laying hens is severely limited, the ability to resist stress is reduced, there are many diseases in the breeding industry, the environmental conditions deteriorate, and the quality of the products is poor. Many foreign countries have banned or gradually banned traditional caged laying hens. In the 1990s, Sweden raised the prohibition of all laying hens from raising cages. The German government had banned all traditional laying hens at the end of 2005. The European Union banned the use of traditional chicken cages in 2012. Many foreign countries are committed to finding alternatives to traditional cage farming. Therefore, improving the welfare status of laying hens is currently the most pressing issue. Research on alternative production systems has become an important aspect of poultry welfare research. Developed countries in foreign countries have advanced breeding techniques and perfect housing conditions. They can provide the most suitable environment and complete nutrition according to the needs of laying hens. They can get rid of the negative external environment and the influence of climate. Under such favorable conditions, they still have To limit or prohibit the traditional laying hen cages, it is worth thinking and learning. Animal welfare is a matter of concern to the world. China is still in a developing country. It is imperative for the poultry industry to attach importance to and solve the existing problems of animal welfare. Paying attention to animal welfare is an important manifestation of the improvement of human society and the living standard of spiritual civilization. It is a major trend in the development of the international community and an inevitable requirement for the sustainable development of the poultry industry. Paying attention to animal welfare also contributes to the development of livestock production performance and product quality, which in the final analysis is beneficial to the needs of human health. Grazing chickens have the characteristics of small breeding density, large space for movement, good air environment, full expression of chicken behavior, strong physique, strong resistance, high product quality, and good flavor. However, grazing and rearing has relatively high requirements for land area and aquaculture environment. For example, it needs to have a wide range of conditions such as forest land, sloping land and orchards. It is difficult to implement in densely populated areas and lacks the significance of general promotion. In addition, the current chicken-raising pattern is very frightening for the chicken disease. According to statistics, the mortality rate caused by various types of poultry diseases in China is as high as 10% or more and the loss is nearly 10 billion RMB. The cost of medicine for each breeder chicken is more than 5 yuan, and the number of commercial laying hens is also more than 3 yuan; the cost of medicine for each broiler is about 2 yuan. Jinbao fermentation bed chickens can almost completely change this situation, and can use the abundant straw resources and sawdust resources in the north, and the resources of the hull flour in the south, turn waste into treasure, that is, the use of the original need to burn (pollution of air) Straw also achieves the purpose of treating chicken manure as high-quality organic fertilizer and reducing air ammonia pollution. At the same time, simple chicken growing beds can be built anywhere, without damaging the structure of the cultivated land and protecting the arable land. In addition, it also improves the quality of chicken and eggs, reduces drug residues, greatly reduces the incidence of diseases, produces pollution-free meat and eggs products, protects the health of people and chickens, etc., and has a small investment, rapid scale formation, and several achievements. Second, the different characteristics of the fermentation bed chicken and fermentation bed pigs Jinbao fermented bed chickens have different characteristics compared to the fermented bed pigs: 1 Fermented-bed chickens use more of the characteristics of the animals themselves. For example, chickens will use their mouths to feed their food and will use their feet to shave their food. Pigs generally use the nose to arch the material, which is more labor-saving. 2 The use of inert dunnage material in the chicken fermentation bed is completely possible, and no additional nutrients can be used at all. The reason is that chicken feces is more nutritious and contains a large amount of undigested feed components. Therefore, the nutrients of chicken manure itself are used. Can greatly guarantee the fermentation of microorganisms in litter. 3 chicken manure due to much more nutrients than pig manure, so it requires a greater degree of fermentation, so the amount of bacteria added to the litter or the relative number of more, such as 30 cm thick at least 5 kg of health care solution Square meters. 4 Since the discharge of chicken manure per unit area is less than that of swine manure, the thickness of the chicken fermentation bed is much less. However, in order to be at least 25 cm thick, it is better to be 30 cm or more in the north. 5 The construction of a broiler house with a fermentation bed is far simpler than the construction of a broiler house with a relatively small investment. Anyone can simply change the old chicken house into a fermented-bed broiler house simply by making a few changes. Chickens do not need to be separated by steel and bricks into small pens, but only need to use cheap screens to adjust the size of the area as needed. The construction of a broiler house can be made into a greenhouse. Therefore, the construction cost and the construction difficulty are far less than those of the fermented bed raising pigs, and the construction of a 200 m2 simple room fermentation bed chicken farmhouse is taken as an example. The example picture), including labor, structure, tile, litter, etc., only needs about 1 million yuan. Select the high dry terrain, dig deep 30 cm (underground fermentation bed), or stack 30 to 40 cm (above ground fermentation bed), or only dig 15 to 20 cm of soil, do 20 cm retaining wall on the ground (that is half The above-ground type fermentation bed) and the construction of a very simple plastic greenhouse can be used as a fermentation bed henhouse without constructing ground facilities or destroying the ground structure (such as the cement floor will damage the ground structure), and will not destroy the use of arable land. And because chickens are small animals, the size of plastic sheds required can also be flexible (unlike the pighouse requirements have a certain size). It doesn't matter if they are bigger or smaller. Therefore, you only need to choose a little bit of high dryness. Places can be built anywhere and should be built along the way. This is also in line with the state's regulations on the lease of rural land. There is no need to apply for a temporary (or long-term) building permit, and certainly not to pay the construction permit fee, and it also eliminates the cumbersome application process (which, of course, must be decided based on the actual situation in each place. Before the construction, go to the local land department to consult and build.) If you are raising pigs, you usually need to build a brick-structured pig house. These need annoying procedures and costs. 6 Because the nutrient content of chicken manure is much larger than that of pig manure, the odor of the chicken farm is much larger than that of the farm. The concentration of hydrogen sulfide and ammonia gas is ten times more than that of the farm, which has a great impact on the health of the chicken. The fermentation bed can basically eliminate the odor of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide in the farm. Therefore, using the fermentation bed to raise chickens, compared to the pigs in the fermentation bed, the unit investment is more significant, and the use of the fermentation bed is more economical. The contrast effect of reducing the incidence of chickens is even more pronounced. 7 On the fermented mattress material, compared with the pigs on the fermentation bed, chicken manure fermentation is more exuberant. The chickens have the habit of nesting in situ. Any place can form a small group of chicken microclimate, plus the fermentation bed. Fermentation, even if the temperature is less than ten degrees below zero in the north, the purpose of natural insulation can be achieved in the shed of the fermentation bed (however, the chick must add insulation equipment). Third, the benefits of fermentation bed chicken (1) Save labor and materials and improve the environment Similarly to the pig-raising on the fermentation bed, the labor force is saved, the appearance of the chicken is significantly improved, the incidence rate (especially respiratory diseases) is significantly reduced, the quality of the chicken is improved, the odor is hardly smelled in the chicken house, and the working environment is improved. Compared with chicken farming, there is a big difference between them, and zero emissions, no pollution to the environment, and even breeding in residential areas will not cause discomfort to neighbors and increase economic benefits. In fermented-bed broiler houses, as long as the advantages of beneficial microorganisms are maintained, it is very easy to form a benign microecological balance. The entire house is in an environment where beneficial bacteria predominate, and there is almost no odor in the refreshment, and the beneficial bacteria have gone deeper. In every corner of the environment, the non-specific immunity of chickens is significantly enhanced, and the amount of medication is reduced. Thus, relying on their own immunity and the help of environmental microorganisms, the purpose of resisting diseases is achieved, and the traditional chicken-growing pattern is stinking. Smoked sky, flies all over the sky, diseases continue to form a world of difference. (B) reduce the incidence, improve digestion, enhance physical fitness, improve animal welfare The chicken's nature likes to use the squeaky squeamy. This kind of nature just let the chicken bury the chicken droppings on the fermenting bed itself. It also reflects the welfare of the chicken, reduces the influence of the ammonia odor on the chicken, and satisfies the chicken's habits. The anti-stress ability of the chicken is greatly enhanced, the incidence is greatly reduced, and management is handy. Fermented-bed chickens can not only improve the quality of meat and eggs, reduce drug residues, and increase the export exchange rate. They can also essentially enhance the physique of chickens and conform to the primitive nature of chickens, such as feeding on gravel, and paving Other primitive habits, such as the fact that the chicken is gizzard, can be digested by the gizzard of the chicken. Its strong comminution ability shows that if you want to enhance the chicken's digestion and absorption capacity, you should give it to chickens when they are chicks. To create a chicken's original environment for grazes and grazes, to plan the environment with feet, to have wood chips in the litter, digestible straw and stalks, to fully train the chicken's gizzard and to promote the length of the intestine's growth, in such an environment and condition. Next, it can be one-third longer than the average length of a common chicken cecum. This not only strengthens the digestive function of the gastrointestinal tract, but also exercises the body and internal organs of the chicken, and also eliminates the psychological stress response of the chicken. In addition, we know that the digestive tracts of traditional cage chickens are extremely short, which results in poor digestion of feeds and causes chicken manure to still contain large amounts of nutrients. For example, the crude protein of chicken manure still reaches about 28% in the fermentation bed. The length of the digestive tract of poultry raised is one third, which significantly improves the digestion and absorption rate of chicken feed. The result is: 1 greatly increased feed remuneration, significantly reduced feed-to-meat ratio, and greatly increased efficiency; 2 excreted fecal odor Taste is significantly reduced, reducing the pressure on the fermented bed to excrete manure, prolonging the life of the fermentation bed and fermentation efficiency; 3 the air quality in the house is excellent, the chicken is healthier, and finally forms a virtuous circle system. The cost savings of a chicken (relative to traditional feed expenses for broiler chickens, etc.) can be as high as about 2 yuan. The mortality rate and elimination rate of chickens in fermentation beds are greatly reduced compared with traditional cage chickens. Even the survival rate of laying hens can be controlled at about 5%, and broilers are about 2%. (III) Improve chicken and egg quality The taste of traditional caged chickens has shunned the majority of consumers, and the smell of traditional caged chickens is prominent. This is one of the main reasons why consumers have followed rural chickens in recent years. Only, not only is the meat good, tastes good, tastes cool, and the nutritional value of chicken is also higher. Therefore, raising chickens in the fermentation bed provides a good breeding mode for many traditional cage chicken producers, and the sales of chickens are smooth. Higher price, double benefit (4) Low investment, quick start, quick effect The chicken bed in the fermentation bed is simple and effective. Due to the simple construction and low investment in the construction of a chicken bed in a fermentation bed, chickens can be purchased on a large scale at one time, as long as you have mastered the basic knowledge of breeding (after the initial farmers or the limited number of people who can raise the knowledge can successfully test a batch of fish), The immediate establishment of scale breeding, coupled with the fact that the feeding of chickens in fermented-beds is shorter, less risky, and more profitable than traditional chicken-raising, can be used to recover investment costs and generate substantial profits in a short period of time. IV. Construction of chicken broiler house with fermentation bed According to the local wind direction, the construction of the terrain and high-dry zone can be selected to construct a greenhouse broiler raising chicken coop. The two sides of the greenhouse are set along the wind direction, the length-to-width ratio is about 3:1, the height is 3 meters, and the underground is deeper than 30 centimeters. More than 40 cm (it is also possible to build a retaining wall of 30-40 cm in height on the surface of the mud, but at the same time the height of the chicken house needs to be increased by 30 to 40 cm) to fill in the litter. The above-ground type is more simple and also suitable for the transformation of old chicken houses. It only needs to use corresponding materials (such as bricks, adobe, soil, wood, or other locally available materials) around the old chicken house. Retaining walls that are 30 to 40 centimeters high (actually sheltering litter) are required on the ground (6-10 holes with a diameter of 4 centimeters per square meter of area are to be used for concrete floor reconstruction). The padding of 30-40 cm padding is added with bacteria. It is also possible to use semi-subterranean type, that is, to dig a little bit of mud from the middle of the chicken shed, such as digging 15 centimeters deep. Digging out mud can be directly piled around the shed. As a retaining wall, it can be used locally. Role (back cover demonstration build picture is to do so). In short, as long as the empty height is 30 to 40 cm in space, place the fermented mattress material, and then cover the chicken shed. The construction of a simple greenhouse, taking a greenhouse of 24 x 8 meters as an example, covers an area of ​​192 square meters, and the cost is less than 8,000 yuan. If the back cover uses a simple column and the cement tile is the structure, the 200 square meters area of ​​the chicken bed is the only cost for the fermentation bed. About 10,000 yuan, while the construction of the corresponding standard brick and brick structure chicken house, need 3 million. Make full use of the temperature control of the sun: on the greenhouse, double film, shade net, with a filming device, every 5 meters or roof set skyroof exhaust device, the sky can shake the surrounding skirt film, to achieve adequate ventilation purposes . When the winter temperature drops, you can use the diaphragm device to control the height of the skirt film to regulate the temperature and humidity inside the house. In the winter, the south-facing shading nets can be increased to increase the sunlight exposure area and achieve the purpose of warming and disinfection. The service life can reach 6-8 years. Ventilation of chickens in greenhouses: The use of conventional fans for mechanical ventilation or natural ventilation can be used. Vertical ventilation: At the top of the greenhouse, a vent or sunroof must be left every few meters. It can be composed of two pieces of plastic film, one fixed and the other one active. When opening the vent, pull the moving plastic film to expose the vents. Fermentation gas can be directly ascended and drained, and it can promote the effect of air convection, and it can be vertically ventilated; the water in the winter house is completely evacuated to the air, so we must make full use of the skylight to eliminate moisture. Longitudinal ventilation: With the film shaker, the front and back skirts can be ventilated laterally; the doors at both ends of the chicken shed can be opened to allow longitudinal ventilation. Natural ventilation requires no ventilation equipment and no power consumption. It is a resource-saving and good ventilation measure. In the broiler house, a corresponding brooder box is set up. The brooder box is composed of three whole boxes connected at different temperatures. That is, the distance from the lounge to the drinking trough should not be less than 60-80 cm from the lounge to the drinking trough. As chicks grow older, the chicks are forced to walk at least 50-60 times a day. In fact, in a broiler coop, chicks will be more willing to leave the incubator, move to the fermentation bed, play activities, play with litter, and plane the ground, so that the chicken can achieve the purpose of exercise and improve. The body's ability to digest. At the same time, every few meters away, a few supported bamboo shelves or wide-hole plastic nets are placed at a height of 30 to 40 cm above the ground in order to allow the chickens to fly and rest, and in the summer, they can Plays a role in cooling and demobilization, and can increase the density of breeding, increase efficiency, and reduce anti-stress. In addition, a separate fence house is built separately for the treatment of diseased chickens. As shown above, such a large shed can be used to produce about 1,000 chickens at a time. 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