Among the food crops, wheat belongs to the most difficult crops for genetic transformation. Coupled with the late start of transgenic research, the genetic engineering breeding process obviously lags behind other crops. With the advent of particle guns, the use of new marker genes and efficient promoters, wheat genetic research began to increase after 1991. Vasil et al. used the gene gun-mediated method to introduce the bar gene into wheat and obtained the world's first wheat transgenic plant. Weeks and others used gene gun-mediated method to introduce the GUS gene and bar gene into wheat, and established a technological system for the transformation of wheat by the gene gun method. In the following years, wheat transgenic studies basically rely on gene gun-mediated methods. Zhou et al. used gene gun-mediated method to introduce CP4 gene and GOX gene into wheat and obtained transgenic plants. Blechl et al. introduced high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit HMW-GS gene into wheat immature embryos and young panicles, and obtained stable transgenic plants. However, Agrobacterium-mediated method has always been a difficult problem for wheat genetic transformation. Cheng et al. used the Agrobacterium-mediated method to transfer the GUS gene and the nptII gene into wheat for the first time. The wheat transgenic plants were obtained, and the T0 generation-T2 generations of the transgenic plants were molecularly detected. Xia Guangmin and Ye Xingguo used Agrobacterium-mediated methods to transfer exogenous genes such as nptII and bar into wheat and obtained transgenic plants. Since 2001, the focus of transgenic wheat research has shifted from the establishment of transformation systems to functional gene transfer. Zhou et al. used Agrobacterium-mediated method to transfer the Roundup gene of herbicide-resistance to wheat variety Bobwhite and cultivated Roundup Ready wheat. Transgenic wheat showed strong resistance to herbicides. Production trials had been completed and industrialization was awaited. Xu Huijun and others used gene gun-mediated method to introduce Nib8 replicase gene into wheat. Xu Qiongfang et al. and Liang Hui et al. introduced the GNA gene into wheat using gene gun-mediated method. Transgenic wheat showed strong resistance to yellow mosaic virus disease and aphid. Sex, has entered the environmental release phase. The authors introduced GCE, Bcl and Rip genes into wheat using Agrobacterium-mediated method. The results of the intermediate experiment showed that the transgenic wheat showed some resistance to head blight.

In the report on the transgenic plants that have been obtained so far, the gene gun method accounts for about 90%, and the other methods only account for 10%, including Agrobacterium-mediated method, pollen tube channel method, and low-energy argon ion beam-mediated method. Due to the merits of Agrobacterium-mediated methods, people have been persistent in this research. In 2003, Khanna et al. constructed a super binary expression vector HK21 and added polyamine compounds to the medium. The transformation efficiency reached 1.2% to 3.9%. Hu et al. selected the herbicide-resistant gene EPSPS from Agrobacterium as the selection marker. Using glufosinate as a screening agent, the EPSPS gene was introduced into the wheat variety Bobwhite, and the transformation efficiency reached 4.3%. Cheng et al. believe that the drying of explants after Agrobacterium infection can significantly increase T-DNA translocation and transformation efficiency.

Most transgenic wheat plants use 13 to 14 days after pollination as the recipient material. Ubi, E35S promoters and screening markers such as bar, nptII and EPSPS are commonly used in the construction of expression vectors. Bialaphos and Glufosinate are commonly used as screening agents. G418 and Glyphosate et al. Successfully used Agrobacterium strains including ABI, Agl1, c58C1, LBA4404, and CP4. In conclusion, wheat transgene research involves more reporter genes or marker genes, fewer target genes, and most of the recipient genotypes used are Bobwhite. Therefore, broadening the range of receptors for wheat genetic transformation, perfecting the technical system for the transformation of wheat by Agrobacterium, and introducing some foreign genes that control disease resistance, high quality, stress resistance, and insect resistance into wheat are the focus of wheat genetic research in the future.

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