New Crop Walnut in Shell,Crushed Walnut Shells,Fresh Season Walnuts Xianfeng Agricultural And Forestry Products Co., Ltd. , http://www.sx-honey.com
In recent years, foreign tractor manufacturers have been fiercely competing on the Chinese soil, and high-powered wheeled tractors have become famous. The demand for "wheels and shoes" has been rising. The crawler tractors at the center of the vortex have really fallen into the curve of life. Is it over yet? Where do crawler tractors go? This is a problem that everyone who cares about this product must face. First, the development track of China's crawler tractor products The crawler tractors produced and used in China are of the metal crawler type. Until now, it has still been produced exclusively by the China Tow Company. The annual production capacity is about 30,000 sets, and the cumulative production is more than 400,000 sets. It has an irreplaceable position in China's agricultural and farmland infrastructure construction, and has made great contributions to China's agricultural mechanization. As early as 1955, the former Soviet Union aided construction, the first tractor manufacturing plant broke ground, in 1958 China produced the first Dongfanghong-54 crawler tractor, to 1959 November small-scale production. After more than 10 years of accumulation and development, this model entered a period of gold development from 1970 to 1980, and reached the peak since the founding of the People's Republic in 1979, with an annual output of 26,000 units. During this period, the country was in the specific historical period from the late Cultural Revolution period to the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee. The planned economic system and the state’s great attention to agricultural work have been invested heavily. This is the basis for the tremendous achievements in the production of crawler tractors during this period. the reason. In the 1980s, the rural households implemented the contract responsibility system for household requisition, the land was divided into households, the method of large-scale centralized farming no longer existed, the living space of tracked tractors suddenly shrank, and the social demand also fell. In addition, the state reformed the use of the ration system for agricultural machinery, which was transferred to peasant households for purchase. In 1980, the per capita income of peasants nationwide was only 194 yuan. The serious shortage of purchasing power also limited the production of crawler tractors. Under the influence of this environment, the production of caterpillar tractors fell sharply. In 1981, the output dropped from 25,700 units in the previous year to 8,112 units. Since then, the output has increased slightly year by year, and since 1987, the output has slowly recovered. It is 13,000 units. Since the 1990s, the state has encouraged farmers to carry out diversified operations, and the initial results of the establishment of a three-production policy have resulted in a significant increase in farmers' income. Driving the production of crawler tractors out of the doldrums. In addition to the declines in 1993 and 1994, the general trend of production from 1991 to 1998 showed an upward trend, with an average annual output of 17,852 units. In particular, it is worth noting that in the mid-1990s, the structural ratio of wheeled tractors and crawler tractors in large and medium-sized tractors changed: Crawler tractors still play a leading role in farmland operations, but their advantages have become weaker; the production of wheeled tractors has grown rapidly. The proportion of market share continues to increase, showing a very good market prospect. Before 1978, crawler tractors dominated the market in the medium and large towed tractors. The main reason was that the average power of crawler tractors was between 39.7-55.1 kW (54-75 hp), while that of wheeled tractors was only 29.4 kW (40 hp). The advantage of power makes the crawler tractor undertake almost all heavy load field operations, and plays an important role that can not be replaced in agricultural production. From 1983 to 1993, tracked tractors accounted for an average of 33% of medium and large towed production, and the highest year reached 45% in 1993. However, it should be pointed out that after entering the 1990s, the target market for crawler tractors has undergone a qualitative change, and its market segment has shifted mainly from agriculture to engineering. At that time, there were many development projects in the country. Real estate and various projects such as small coal mines, small brick factories, small power plants and other “five small†projects were launched. Caterpillar tractors participated in the construction machinery market and achieved a notable market share. The main reason why the proportion of crawler tractors remained high in the first period was that the agricultural parts of tracked tractors were declining over the same period. Correspondingly, after the 1990s, with the development of diversified rural operations, the amount of rural transport operations rose rapidly. Large and medium-power wheeled tractors can not only run and transport, but also have many performance advantages over crawler tractors in farmland operations. The demand of farmers for wheeled tractors gradually emerged in the market. Since 1994, the proportion of crawler tractors in large and medium-sized tractors has been steadily changing. The straight line has fallen to 23%. In 1998, it fell to 19%. In 1999, it accounted for only 15%. In the short span of five years from 1994-1998, the proportion of crawler tractors has fallen by 26%, while the market demand for China's Dazhong Tow has grown strongly during the same period, and production has increased by 26% compared with the previous decade. Therefore, the reduction in the proportion of crawler tractors means that wheeled tractors not only accounted for all increases in the medium and large towed markets, but they also took up a share of the original market share of tracked tractors, and the ratio of wheel and tractor began to show an inclination towards wheeled tractors. trend. Second, the evolution of domestic crawler tractor products In the early years of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Tow Company could only produce the imitation Dongfanghong-54 type single-track crawler tractor. By the end of 1964, it increased the power to the Dongfanghong-75 by increasing the engine speed, and passed the agricultural machinery. Ministry of identification, formally put into operation in 1966. For more than two decades, the model has been the main power model for farm field operations. After market investigation, it was found that the product was used for traction work machinery and it appeared that the power was insufficient. As a result, the matching between power and working machinery was inconsistent, affecting the work efficiency and quality, and the overload capacity was poor, the running speed was too slow, and the reliability of the entire machine was not good. It is high and prone to failure. Drivers are greatly affected by noise, labor intensity is high, working conditions are poor, and the technical level is not advanced. Therefore, according to the user's requirements, the company successfully developed Dongfanghong?02 in 1988 to improve the performance of the traction and power output shaft and the driver's working conditions, and to improve the reliability and service life of the complete machine. Increased. This model has now replaced Dongfanghong-75 and has become a leading product of the company. In order to meet the needs of state-owned farms to improve the efficiency of tractor operations, the company has developed a 1002/1202 crawler tractor on the basis of the 802 crawler tractor. And in November 1993, passed the technical appraisal organized by the Ministry of Machinery. This series is a new product that the company has independently developed. Rated at 73.5/88 kW (100/120 hp), its traction is 3.5 t, fully meeting agronomic requirements. Double-acting, disc-shaped springs are used to compress the main clutch; fully independent power output shafts; fully welded half-frames improve frame reliability; use hydraulic steering steering mechanisms; fully enclosed, fully elastically supported cabs , Optional air conditioning; equipped with monitoring and display devices, the engine starts with a starter motor, excellent performance, and automatic power switching device; fuel consumption rate in the domestic tractor with the lowest power. The gearbox has increased the working position, making the machine comfortable and light to use, and it can be used by more than one machine. The product can play a major role in farmland water conservancy construction, land reclamation, arable land, and moist and viscous soil areas. Due to the disadvantages of low track speed and inconvenient transfer of metal crawler tractors, it is threatened by the gradual replacement of high-power wheeled tractors. In order to compete with high-power wheeled tractors and retain the advantages of low ground force ratio and traction force of crawler tractors, the company will develop rubber crawler tractors with improved performance that are more suitable for China's national conditions as the focus of development during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period. Models, and made a considerable effort. Yitu Group began to collect and research technical information on rubber tracked tractors as early as the 1980s. They found that the early research results of domestic rubber crawlers were mainly used on small-scale rice combine harvesters with relatively small traction, with the Shenyang Hose Factory and Japan After the Bridgestone joint-venture production of rubber tracks, the production technology of domestic rubber tracked products has matured. Yituo Group Co., Ltd. cooperated with Shenyang Bridgestone Co., Ltd. in 1993 and produced the first Dongfanghong-802R rubber crawler tractor in April 1994. The model still uses steering clutch steering. In the following three years, the company focused on the Dongfanghong-802 and Dongfanghong-1002 tractors, conducted rubber track performance and life test, and obtained a large number of test data. However, further improvements, refinements, and enhancements are needed in differential steering devices and traveling devices that increase speed. At present, the One Tow company has allocated special funds to purchase the international 1990s-level rubber crawler tractors, starting with the prototype analysis, proceeding with the design of the plans, and the key to speed steering mechanism, track tensioning method, and mechanical speed steering control. Technology has made breakthroughs in design and has achieved remarkable results. The tractor-designed rubber crawler tractor has the following structural features: Engine: Based on the current domestic mature technology engine, research and improvement are carried out to meet the performance requirements of the rubber crawler tractor. Transmission system: wet master clutch, power shift transmission. Steering system: A combination of planetary gearing and hydrostatic transmission is used to achieve speed steering. Steering wheel steering is used instead of traditional steering lever control. Walking system: make full use of the existing equipment and technology of the Ito Group, and consider the existing domestic rubber track components, elastic walking system balance trolleys, and hydraulic tensioning mechanisms. The track uses core iron rubber tracks and more mature anti-drop belt technology abroad. Frame: Half frame. Electrical instrumentation: The integration of application, electricity, and liquid technology monitors the major performance indicators of each component and the complete machine. Yitu Group Co., Ltd. strives to use 3-5 years on the basis of rubber crawler tractors to absorb the research results of several decades abroad and combine China's national conditions to develop and fill gaps in the domestic market. The whole machine technology has reached the level of the early 1990s. Products to consolidate the market of tracked tractors for the Group's companies and expand their applications in agriculture and other fields. Third, the development of international tracked tractor technology Internationally, agricultural tracked tractors can be represented by the products of the former Soviet Union and Italy. The crawler tractors based mainly on industrial use can be represented by the products of major companies in the United States and Japan. Its supporting diesel engine speed is mostly 2000-2500 rev/min. All of them adopt direct-injection combustion chamber, and the torque reserve is 1.2-1.33. The rated specific fuel consumption is similar to that of large and medium-sized wheeled tractor engines, mostly below 230 g/kWh. The quality ratio fell to 5.8-12 kg/kW. 74kW (100hp) or less crawler tractors are still based on mechanical gearboxes, but with constant meshing gear meshing gear shifts, more and more forced lubrication systems, small ones also use sliding gear shifting, advance to 6- 8th gear, reverse gear is 2-4 gears, 74kW (100hp) or more models generally use constant gear meshing gear shift. The main clutch and steering clutch are still dry, except for small crawler tractors. Large and medium-sized ones are mostly wet, and steering gears are equipped with steering clutches and single-stage planetary steering gears. Agricultural crawler tractors use 540 or 540/1000 rpm independent power output shafts, three-point and two-point hydraulic suspension systems and more than two sets of hydraulic output. Agricultural variants, typically formed by industrial crawler tractors, have no hydraulic suspension and only hydraulic output to control the split cylinders on traction implements. The Soviet agricultural tracked tractor still uses a balance-car suspension and an integral track shoe, and adopts a new structure such as a hydraulic track tensioning mechanism, a fully-supported roller bearing, a rubber rim's holding pulley, and a bimetal crawler pin. The European and American agricultural caterpillar tractors are the same as those used in industry. They use semi-rigid suspensions and composition crawlers, and the bearing parts of the walking parts have reached the requirements of full sealing. Caterpillar's industrial crawler tractor's overhead drive sprocket triangle crawler travel device plays an important role in reducing the impact load from the ground, improving reliability and service life, and reducing the use and maintenance costs. The technical level of the driver's cab and driver's seat is close to that of large and medium-sized wheeled tractors. Generally, they are equipped with or can be equipped with fully-sealed safety cabs, adjustable shock-absorbing seats, ventilation heating devices, and even air-conditioning equipment. The development of rubber tracked tractors in foreign countries started earlier. Research in Europe and the United States began in the mid-fifties. In 1988, the Nebraska Tractor Test Station carried out tests on rubber tracked tractors for the first time. Caterpillar was tested as Caterpillar. The company's Challenger 65 rubber tracked tractors were compared with the same-power, same-weight four-wheel drive tractors. In the increasingly fierce competition in the tractor market, various famous tractor manufacturing companies have stepped into the crawler tractor market. In 1993, Caterpillar launched the Challenger series of rubber crawler tractors. The company currently has six types of 35, 45, 55, 65D, 75D, and 85D models, with power of 127-228kW (173-310hp). Case-IWC also showed the newly developed rubber track tractor Quad Trac (PTO power is 231kW (314hp)). Unlike Caterpillar, Case employs four sets of triangular rubber track devices instead of The original four wheels. Japan's Komatsu MK series rubber crawler tractors, including MK40, 60, 85, 125, 220 and other five models, power from 29.4-162kW (40-220hp). The Volgograd tractor company in Russia has also developed rubber crawler tractors. U.S. Deere also officially launched the 8000T series rubber crawler tractor in 1997. The series includes 8100T, 8200T, 8300T and 8400T models with power ratings of 136kW (185hp), 154.4kW (210hp) and 169kW (230hp). And 191kW (260hp). Track width 0.41 or 0.61 meters, track 1.524-2.235 meters, tank capacity 511 liters. Its main features are: 1. Increased the internal space of the cab. 5.76 square meters of brown glass was installed in the entire cab. The area of ​​the front windshield and rear windshield was 1.3 square meters, which significantly improved the driver's View, Seat for air-cushion seat, Hydraulic suspension, Transmission, Throttle and PTO shafts Operated with knobs or buttons, and the knobs or buttons are arranged on the seat armrest plate, greatly improving the driver's control Comfort. The engine uses a Power TechTM 8.1-liter engine and still has good dynamics at low speeds (1000 rpm). The transmission uses a 16-speed power shift transmission with a speed range of 0-28.97km/h, 8 field operations at a speed interval of 0.8km/h, and a steady speed control device during field operations to keep the working speed. Stable, significantly improved the quality of operations such as sowing, fertilizing and sprinkling. In addition, a complete vehicle fault diagnosis device is installed to quickly diagnose and report tractor faults in the field and provide reference troubleshooting measures. Since the mid-1980s when Europe and the United States began to introduce commercial rubber tracked tractors, after fifteen years of research and development and development, they have now been mass-produced, key technologies have matured, and product performance has continued to improve. The major production companies are full of confidence in this type of products, and the companies that have made rapid progress have already formed industrialized production and created higher benefits. According to Deere company's forecast, rubber crawler tractors can account for 10% of the total sales of 117.6-165.4kW (160-225hp) tractors. Fourth, the advantages and disadvantages of high-power wheeled tractors and metal crawler tractors and rubber crawler tractors The outstanding advantages of metal crawler tractors are: large traction, suitable for heavy-duty operations (such as ploughing, hoeing, etc.), low ground pressure, and Compaction and destruction are light, and it is particularly suitable for low- and wet-land operations. Besides the field operations, it is also used as a bulldozer in farmland infrastructure construction and small-scale water conservancy projects and has a high degree of comprehensive utilization. However, its main disadvantage is that the walking devices on wet and sandy soils, such as the support rollers, guide rollers, carrier rollers, and track shoes (commonly known as three-wheel and one-plate), wear faster, require higher maintenance costs, and operate at a slower speed. With the development of the highway network, the transfer of metal crawler tractors has become increasingly difficult and inconvenient. The advantages of rubber tracked tractors are: Steering wheel-operated differential steering mechanism, strong controllability, flexible maneuver, more effortless turning, large track contact area, vibration reduction effect, comfortable ride, low pressure, and damage to the ground Light, especially suitable for low-wet operations, and can greatly improve the speed of operation and improve road transferability. Rubber track life can reach 6000 hours, three rounds of life extension, each can save maintenance costs and transfer of transport costs 7000-10000 yuan, only this one annual social benefits have 560-800 million. In the land reclamation, transformation of low-yield fields, sandy loam soil areas, showing a strong superiority. The disadvantage is that the initial cost is high. The high-power wheeled tractor has the advantages of convenient wheel alignment, long wheelbase, uniform mass distribution, pneumatic tire damping performance, good ground contouring during running, low vibration, high transportation speed, and high comprehensive utilization rate. The disadvantage is that it is not suitable for low-humidity operations. Moreover, the introduction of foreign high-power wheeled tractors with advanced technology in the world, the price and maintenance costs are too high, an engine of about 120,000 yuan, a crankshaft more than 30,000 yuan, a transmission assembly needs more than 100,000 yuan , and only use project investment to purchase. According to the report of Heilongjiang Farming Agricultural Machinery Test Station, the disadvantages and deficiencies of the imported high-power wheeled tractors compared with crawler tractors are: 1. Large ground pressure, easy to form soil hard bottom layer, and high-power wheeled tractors The weight is generally 5500-8500kg, and the grounding area is smaller than the crawler tractor, so the grounding pressure is large. After several years of cultivation, a hard bottom layer will be formed under the tillage layer of the soil, which is not conducive to water storage and crop growth. Even after deep turning, the small, hardened, hard blocks remain and the microstructure of the soil is destroyed. 2, poor adhesion performance, high slip rate. After tests, when the high-power wheeled tractor is matched with the five-plow plough, the slip rate is generally 10-20% when the average soil moisture content is 30%, the solidity is 0.3 MPa, and the unit forward speed is about 7.2km/h. Some, up to 25%, have a shearing effect on the soil by the tires, which causes the soil structure of the plough to be destroyed. Therefore, from the perspective of performance and production efficiency, high-power wheeled tractors and crawler tractors have their own unique features. High-power wheeled tractors are suitable for sandy soils in hilly areas and are used for low-viscous, easy-to-grip viscous soils. In the region, it is necessary to maintain a certain number of crawler tractors while applying high-power wheeled tractors. High-tech rubber crawler tractors can replace high-power wheeled tractors to some extent. V. Future Market Trends From the technical characteristics of the above high-power wheeled tractors, metal crawler tractors and rubber crawler tractors, combined with the life cycle and industry development prospects of the crawler tractors, it is difficult to recover the crawler tractor products to six. The 1970s dominated the glorious period of the world. In the coming period, the overall market situation will gradually reduce the proportion of crawler tractors, but due to the operating characteristics of crawler tractors, in the future according to their actual conditions, that is, the soil characteristics and economic strength of the region, wheeled tractors and crawler tractors. Will still maintain a certain allocation ratio. Crawler tractors will also maintain a certain market share. The main reasons are: 1. The country is determined to rectify the “five small†enterprises such as small coal mines, and the market demand for crawler tractors no longer exists, seriously affecting the sales of crawler tractors. Statistics show that 70% of the products have been used in engineering construction since the 1990s. The number of engineering machines is far greater than that of agricultural machines, and the dismantling of “five small†companies has greatly reduced the living space for tracked tractors. 2. Before and after China's accession to the WTO, the continuous decrease in the purchase price of domestic food led to a decrease in the relative income of farmers, which slowed the growth of cash income and resulted in a relative lack of purchasing power, affecting farmers’ enthusiasm for purchasing agricultural machinery; on the other hand, urban workers The increase in laid-off workers has caused a considerable number of migrant workers to return home, which has also affected the growth of absolute income of farmers. 3. The vigorous implementation of the national policy of returning farmland to grassland and returning farmland to forests, as well as the decision to develop the green and northwestern Northwest China, have resulted in a significant reduction in the number of wasteland in the traditional markets of tracked tractors such as Xinjiang and Northeast China, directly and seriously affecting the tracked tractors. Market demand. 4. The main areas used by the crawler tractors in agriculture, such as the adjustment of the agricultural structure in the northeast and Ningxia regions, and the implementation of the drought and water improvement policy, have caused some of the tractors that originally belonged to crawler tractors to be replaced by wheeled tractors. As a basic construction tool for land reclamation, large-scale farmland, and water conservancy, as well as being able to be transformed into a bulldozer, crawler tractors have high comprehensive utilization efficiency and still have certain advantages. Therefore, during the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" period, crawler tractors will still maintain a certain market share. With the development of new products for high-power caterpillar tractors and the success of key technologies such as engine manufacturing, complete machine design, ergonomics, traveling systems, power trains, electrical instruments and alarm devices, and hydraulic systems, the product performance will be improved and improved. Quality and reliability, the formation of production capacity, and further development of the international market, the further expansion of engineering variant products, the average annual total demand of caterpillar tractors during the “Tenth Five-year Plan†period is about 10,000 units, and the annual demand for rubber crawler tractors Should account for about 5% of crawler tractors. Among them, 73.5 kW (100 hp) or more high-power crawler tractors are the main demand models, and the market demand for 66.2 kW (90 hp) and below crawler tractors will further decline. The future market will focus on the following aspects: First, update the market. According to the statistics of China Agricultural Machinery Yearbook, by the end of 1998, the number of crawler tractors in China was 169,800. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang provinces account for more than 60% of China’s tracked tractors. These six provinces are the main markets for the Group’s crawler tractors. Among them, the current number of crawler tractors in Heilongjiang Province is 38,800, with an average new coefficient of 0.2-0.3. About 60% of the tractors need to be renewed. According to the provincial plan, the number of crawler tractors will reach 40,000 units by the year 2000. By 2010, there will be 45,000 units; in Xinjiang, the current number of crawler tractors will be 18,100 units. The autonomous region plans that by 2000, the number of crawler tractors will reach 21,000 units, and by 2010, the number of vehicles will reach 25,000. station. Therefore, if the state and relevant provinces and autonomous regions governments have certain policy support for the update of crawler tractors, coupled with the factors of usage habits, these markets still have some potential. The second is that the farmland system and state farms are the main markets for crawler tractors. They attach great importance to investment in agricultural machinery, have strong purchasing power and relatively high levels of use. Domestically produced crawler tractors are still the preferred model. At present, some import and export companies in the country have introduced some crawler tractors with certain geographical advantages in Eastern European countries such as Romania and the former Soviet Union, which have comparable technical levels and competitive prices, and have certain geographical advantages. However, according to the Heilongjiang Provincial Reclamation Bureau, Jiansanjiang The sub-branch's investigation has suitable power and price, but its reliability is poor. A cylinder liner piston can only use one production cycle; at the same time, the failure rate is high, and the locomotive's attendance, integrity, and work efficiency are low; Compared to models, its accessories are expensive and not complete. Third, with reference to Japan’s experience, rubber tracked tractors are also promising for use in southern paddy fields in the future. The fourth is the export market. The annual export volume of one-track crawler tractors is 300-500 units. From the comparison of sales prices, the newly developed rubber crawler tractors are equivalent to foreign products in terms of key technologies and performance indicators, and will be very strong in the international market. The ability to compete can be tapped into the international market without losing the opportunity through the company’s existing sales channels. In the future, technological development will develop toward the trend of large-scale power, rubberized tracks, and engineering applications. Variants of industrial tractors such as semi-rigid crawler units, front tractors, etc., as well as 95.6-121.3 kW (130-165 hp) crawler tractors and rubber crawler tractors will be the product development direction. It can be foreseen that due to the large number of crawler tractors and annual production capacity, adequate supply of spare parts, and more user experience, the absolute price of the products is relatively low. Therefore, the domestic crawler tractors will be used in earthworks, soil improvement projects and certain The field operations under these conditions continue to play a role.