The real scientific soil testing and fertilizer application requires five steps to solve the seven problems

"The Real Scientific Soil Testing and Fertilizing Needs to Solve the Five Major Problems and Solve the Seven Major Problems"

-------------How to achieve a true scientific soil testing fertilizer and farmers' income increase?

Note:

This article is divided into three parts. Part I: Analysis of Problems in Scientific Soil Testing and Fertilizer Application, to be published, for discussion by scholars, experts, and relevant departments. Middle section: System design for scientific soil testing and fertilizer distribution, copying to relevant departments for reference by the leaders (departments). Part II: The Scientific Soil Testing Fertilizers (Operational Methods) are planned for operation and used internally. They are for use only by partners (practitioners).

Part I: Analysis of problems in scientific soil testing and fertilizer

At present, from top to bottom, the propaganda and understanding of soil testing and fertilizer are getting deeper and deeper. National, local, and fertilizer production and management companies and farmers all invest in and formulate fertilization to varying degrees. However, there are not many significant results. We are concerned that this large scale soil testing and fertilizer campaign and propaganda will once again be an example and reason why farmers do not trust the government and the Communist Party. In theory, soil testing and fertilizer can greatly improve fertilizer utilization and agricultural economic efficiency. So why does the current soil testing and fertilizer work have little effect? In fact, the pre- and current soil testing and fertilizer application is not yet a true scientific soil testing fertilizer, or it is still incomplete and imperfect soil testing and fertilizer, and even some places are interested in cultivating, taking forms, and taking countries. Agricultural policy funding. The real scientific soil testing and fertilizer application is soil testing, fertilizer, and fertilization that allows farmers to maximize production, increase income, save labor, save fertilizer, save agricultural production costs, and protect the environment. Scientific soil testing with fertilizer is a systematic project and targeted dynamic comprehensive fertilization technology. The realization of scientific soil testing and fertilizer application requires the completion of five major links and the resolution of seven major issues. Each link and issue requires solid and detailed work measures as guarantees.

First, the test of soil testing and fertilizer is accurate and accurate.

Soil testing is the first link of soil testing and fertilizer. Without accurate and accurate soil testing data, scientific soil testing and fertilizer will lose its premise and basis. The accuracy and accuracy of soil testing data depends on the following eight factors:

1, the scope of testing and targeted:

The correctness and accuracy of the soil testing data depends on the degree of specificity of the soil testing. The higher the degree of specificity is, the higher the accuracy is. The true and accurate soil testing and fertilizer is the soil testing and fertilizer for specific land masses and crops. In particular, China has been dividing land into households for several decades. Due to the differences in farmers’ funds, understanding, habits, and planting content, the fertility of the land has long been uneven, and the land fertility and land position, slope, soil quality, planting history, fertilization habits. It is related to many factors such as environmental conditions. Therefore, the real scientific soil testing and fertilizer should be as far as possible to the field to the household, the implementation of a household, a crop of targeted soil testing and fertilizer. If a sampling method with a sampling area of ​​several hundred acres is adopted, even if the test is very accurate and a very accurate formula is given, it will not be possible to achieve the effects of universal benefit, wide increase in production, and increase in income. Because the sampling test is not targeted, its testing is inaccurate, unscientific, and does not have overall high efficiency.

2. The rationality of the soil testing project:

The soil testing project should select a representative test item with a relatively stable content in the soil. Because the test item is not representative or is itself an ever-changing value, the test equipment and technology are advanced and accurate, and the test data is also inaccurate. The currently measured soil nutrients, especially available nutrients, are relative values ​​that are measured chemically by simulating the absorption of plant roots, and there is a constant conversion between available nutrients and delayed nutrients, that is, the values ​​we tested. It is a value that changes with time and environment (temperature, humidity, etc.). When (currently) there is no way to accurately distinguish between available nutrients and delayed nutrients, the accuracy of the available nutrients tested may not necessarily be the true value of soil nutrients. Accurate values. For example, ammonia nitrogen is a dynamic value in the soil and changes with temperature and humidity. Therefore, on-site testing should be based on alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen that does not change with environmental conditions.

The comprehensive characterization of the soil's actual phosphorus supply capacity is soil available phosphorus, because it includes both the intensity factor and the capacity factor of the soil's phosphorus supply, that is, it also contains the available phosphorus and most of the slow-acting phosphorus, while most of the phosphorus absorbed by the crop comes from the soil. Slow-acting phosphorus. However, because of the limited test conditions, quick-acting phosphorus is generally used as a test indicator for soil phosphorus content. The traditional Olsen method does not measure the content of organic phosphorus in the extract. The measured value does not include the contribution of active phosphorus. Therefore, there is a certain error between the test value of phosphorus in soil and the actual soil phosphorus supply capacity.

At present, the soil available potassium is also widely used in the prediction of soil potassium supply, but the soil forms of potassium are in a dynamic equilibrium. When the concentration of available potassium in the soil (solution) is reduced, the slow-acting potassium in the soil is released continuously to reach a new equilibrium. In the existing method for predicting the potassium supply capacity of soil, only the amount of potassium extraction is often considered and this dynamic change is neglected. Therefore, if you want to more accurately assess soil potassium supply capacity, you should also consider the supply of non-exchangeable potassium. However, there are great differences in the ability of different crops to use non-exchangeable potassium. In actual soil testing, it is necessary to treat specific crops differently. For example, sweet potato, although the absorption of potassium in the short term, but the relatively weak ability to absorb non-exchangeable potassium, soil exchangeable potassium content can be used as a diagnostic indicator of potassium. For cereals with strong non-exchangeable potassium absorption capacity, it is advisable to use readily available potassium and slow-acting potassium for evaluation.

3. Accuracy (accuracy, stability) of soil testing methods:

The correctness and accuracy of the soil testing data depends on the accuracy and stability of the soil testing instruments (instruments and reagents). The test accuracy and stability of soil testing instruments and medicines determine the accuracy of soil testing. At the same time, the anti-interference ability of instruments and drugs also has a great influence on the accuracy. This is because the soil testing environment is very complicated and there are many interference factors. In particular, some factors (temperature) change at any time. Accurate and stable test methods need better protection against interference. To ensure that it can eliminate and correct the impact of changes in the external environment on the test accuracy, so that test data closer to the actual situation.

4. The scientificity of soil sampling and sampling:

The accuracy and accuracy of soil testing data depends largely on the soil sample. The value difference of soil nutrients caused by soil samples can sometimes reach more than 50%. Assuming that the test error is zero, the soil nutrient test data difference at the same location caused by not paying attention to time or depth factors will be greater than 20%, which is much higher than the instrumental test error. It can be seen that taking soil is the key to ensuring the accuracy of soil testing. We know that the distribution of nutrients in the soil is different. The first is that the horizontal distribution is different. Many factors such as soil quality in different areas, landforms in different locations, planting history of different crops, habits of different fertilization methods, and different climatic conditions all affect the horizontal distribution of soil nutrients. Even in the same land, there are often cases of malnutrition and uneven fertility. The second is different vertical distribution. The nutrient content of different depths in the same soil (site) is also very different. Take the alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen in Fig.-1 as an example. If the soil is taken from 0 to 20, the measured value is about 130; if the soil is taken from 20 to 40, the measured value is 100, and the difference in the measured soil is greater than 20%. ,) is great. Because the distribution of nutrients in the soil is related to soil quality, geology, landforms, rainwater, planting crops, planting habits, and fertilization habits, the representativeness of soil sampling requires site analysis and judgment. Combination of fixed point and specification fixed point. Even if we can regulate the depth, angle of the soil, and the plane distribution points of the soil, we must also consider that different crops have different requirements for the distribution of nutrients in the soil. The depth of earth borrowing must also be adapted to the specific crop requirements in order to reflect the situation where the crop can absorb nutrients in the soil.

Figure-1 Nutrient changes in soil vertical profile

(Selected from soil and fertilizer 2006-2, pp. 23-25, changes in soil nutrient content of vegetables protected characteristic southern Hebei, author: Meng Yanling, Baoguo, etc.)

5, normative testing personnel:

The correctness and accuracy of the soil testing data also depend on the operating level and the seriousness of the test operator. The soil testing operation is a fine work, and a little carelessness can make the test data inaccurate. Therefore, test operators, including speed meter operators, need special training, strict requirements, and standardized positions and technical titles.

6. Timeliness of soil testing time:

The nutrient content in the soil and the ratio between the nutrients are the dynamic values ​​that change with time. The changes in the nutrient contents of different planting crops over time and the changes in the nutrient ratio are also quite obvious. As shown in Figure 2, Luoyang Agricultural Research Institute made a study on soil nutrient changes during the summer corn planting period. It shows how the proportion of nutrients in the soil and the ratio of the contents of the soil in the summer corn planting cycle change. From Figure -2, it can be seen that from July 21 to August 25 is a significant period of soil nutrient changes in the summer corn planting areas (the nitrogen is rapidly reduced from 170 to 40, the value of the value difference is more than 70%), and from August 25 to September 22 is a period of stable soil nutrients. If soil sampling time is set after August 25, soil nutrients before winter wheat can be calculated easily. The soil nutrient change of watermelon is mainly in the period of melon fruit expansion, so the soil sampling should not be carried out before watermelon harvest. Changes in nutrient content in soil are related to nutrient absorption of different crops and loss of soil and fertilizer. This requires us to take different soil testing times for different crops in order to correctly infer the nutritional trends and real conditions in the soil. However, different crops, different soils (soil quality) and different climatic conditions will have different soil nutrient stability and soil nutrient change curves. In order to determine a reasonable sampling time for soil testing, corresponding soil nutrient change curves in different regions and crops should be made.

Figure-2 Changes of Soil Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Contents in Different Growing Periods of Maize

(Soil type; Cinnamon, texture in the middle soil: Fertilizer: Three-component compound fertilizer 15-15-15, 60 kg/mu, (Introduced from the Luoyang City Institute of Agricultural Sciences application of high-efficiency fertilizer synergists on soil-crop system nutrients Study on Migration Regulations Test Summary 2004-11)

7. Adaptability of test methods (correctness):

The correctness and accuracy of soil testing data also depend on the choice of test methods. On the surface, various soil nutrient testing methods can show the status of soil nutrients. However, due to the differences in national conditions and environmental conditions, the actual (global) soil testing results and accuracy are different. Only the test methods adapted to the national conditions and local conditions can achieve the (integral) test accuracy. For example, the ASI method is an advanced test method with high efficiency. It can analyze 30-60 soil samples per day. It is suitable for countries with large land scales, uniform land fertility, and concentrated agricultural production. However, China’s land plots are small and the fertility of land nutrients is small. Inhomogeneity and planting varieties are scattered. At this time, due to the high cost of taking soil samples, soil sample management is complicated and the error generated by soil samples will be much higher than the errors caused by instruments and tests. In particular, the ASI method has not been well connected with traditional Chinese traditional testing methods, which will cause huge waste of resources for the country. The M3 method uses a combination of extractants to extract a variety of elements at a time. It can analyze P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B, Cr, and Cd in the soil, and also greatly improve the soil. The efficiency of the test, but there are still some soil limitations and in an imperfect stage. The traditional conventional soil testing technology has been researched, practiced, and popularized in China for decades. It has formed better talents, facilities, testing experience, planting related experiments and experience resources, and it is easier to ensure the accuracy of the overall soil testing. It is easier to combine scientific soil testing and fertilizer with China's agricultural planting experience and theory, and it is more suitable for large-scale soil testing and fertilizer operations and obtaining overall actual soil testing and fertilizer effects. In particular, conventional conventional testing methods have relatively complete evaluation indicators of soil fertility. Although these indicators need to be adjusted in the course of time, they can still help existing testing data for fertilizer guidance and reference. It is worth mentioning that, because the nutrient status in the soil changes with humidity and temperature, the test results for soil drying or natural drying in conventional conventional soil nutrient testing are different. More accurate soil nutrient testing should try to use fresh soil direct test and naturally air dry soil method.

8. Uniformity of test methods and evaluation indicators:

Whether or not the soil testing data is correct and accurate also depends on the unity of the testing methods and indicators. In terms of the country's overall and global soil testing conditions, the accuracy of soil testing comes from the degree of standardization of soil testing, calibration and supervision of standard laboratories, and the reference effectiveness of the evaluation index system. This can only be solved easily if the country unifies the test method and index system. At present, the current situation in China is the lack of suitable soil nutrient testing method evaluation indicators and fertilization recommendation indicators, and this indicator can not be formed in the short term, so the current scientific soil testing fertilizer should still be planting experience and soil nutrition testing, diagnosis The combination of analysis and experimental methods is the main method. It is unscientific and irresponsible to calculate formulas for fertilizers and fertilizers using only soil nutrient test data.

Second, the scientific formulation of soil testing and fertilizer issues.

According to soil testing and planting crops to farmers to open fertilizer formula is the second link of soil testing and fertilizer. Failure to develop scientific and effective fertilization formulas loses the purpose and significance of soil testing. At the same time, whether or not scientific and effective formulas can be prescribed is the precondition for the scientific application of fertilizers. Without scientific and effective fertilizer formulas, it is impossible to achieve true scientific and effective fertilization. According to soil testing and planting crops, fertilizing formulas for farmers is the most technically important job in testing soil fertigation. The following ten factors should be taken into consideration when formulating scientific fertilization formulas:

1. Nutritional needs of crops:

The scientific formula should meet the nutritional demand curve of the crop. Different crop varieties have different crop nutrient demand curves. As shown in Fig. 3, the demand for specific nutrients is different at different stages of the crop during the whole growing season, and the proportion of various nutrients (formulas) is also different. It can be seen that simply providing crop nutrient demand (fertilizer supply) and proportion of fertilizer is not yet scientific soil testing and fertilizer. In soil testing and fertilizer, comprehensive consideration should be given to crop varieties, different varieties, the characteristics of required fertilizer in different growth periods, the requirements of nutrient requirements and different nutrient ratios in each period, and reasonable and scientific fertilization in combination with the nutrient content already existing in the soil.

Figure-3 Percentage of Nutrient Absorption of Spring Maize at Different Growth Stages

("General Studies of Crop Science," p. 227, edited by Cao Weixing Higher Education Press, 2001)

2. Nutrition Absorption Capacity, Characteristics and Regulation Techniques of Crops:

Scientific formulas should meet the nutrient absorption capacity and characteristics of crops. Different crop varieties, different soils, different environmental conditions and different biological regulation technologies can constitute different crop nutrient absorption capabilities. In addition, different crops absorb nutrients in different ways and characteristics, such as the depth of roots, distribution, rhizosphere ph, rhizosphere redox potential, root exudates, rhizosphere microorganisms and so on are all related to different, different requirements for fertilization.

The absorption of nutrients by plants is a complex physiological process that is constrained by the intrinsic properties of the plant itself (such as the genetic and physiological biochemical properties of the plant's mineral nutrients) and the external environment. Intrinsic properties mainly refer to the genetic properties of the plant's mineral nutrients, such as the effect of root morphological characteristics on nutrient uptake, including root length, diameter, surface area, and number of roots per unit of soil. The perennial and annual plants, dicotyledons, and monocotyledonous plants differ greatly in root morphology and therefore differ in nutrient uptake. Even the root systems and absorptive capacity of different species of the same species are different. Such as: Dongshengda's drought-resistant high-quality wheat varieties can be achieved in the drylands 700-1100 kg / acre, the root system and common wheat roots are significantly different, the main root length up to 1500-2000mm, sub-root length can also be reached 300-600mm, apparently its water absorption capacity and nutrient absorption capacity are much higher than the ordinary wheat varieties.

Physiological and biochemical characteristics of plants, such as cation exchange capacity, plant selectivity for nutrient uptake, and nutrient uptake capacity are very much related. As shown in Fig. 4, the kinetic characteristics of different crops for different ions are different. It can be seen that the smaller the Km value is, the faster the ion absorption rate is. In general, leguminous plants have large cation exchange capacity and strong absorption capacity; wheat crops have low cation exchange capacity and weak fertilizer-absorbing capacity, while corn, potato and other plants have cation exchange capacity in between, and have moderate absorption capacity. Soil conditions also have a great influence on nutrient uptake by plants, such as soil fertility and fertilizer retention, interactions between ions, soil reactions, soil aeration and redox reactions, and soil moisture. In addition, climatic conditions such as light and temperature also affect nutrient absorption.

In short, the plant's ability to absorb nutrients is different, and the composition of fertilizer utilization is also different. In the soil testing and fertilizer application, it is not possible to simply estimate the amount of fertilizer, but also to comprehensively consider the effects of plant absorption characteristics.

Figure-4 Kinetic parameters of different ion absorption for different crops

("Plant Nutrition", volume 171, edited by Lu Jingling, China Agricultural University Press, published in February 2003.)

3, the nutrient content of soil:

The scientific formula should be based on the soil's own nutritional status. However, there are also large differences in nutrient content between different textures and different planting methods. As shown in Fig. 5, different textures constitute different soil nutrient states, while different planting patterns and contents shown in Fig. 6 constitute different soil nutrients. situation. Soil nutrient content is closely related to different planting methods and fertilizer management levels. Scientific soil testing and fertilizer application is to accurately test the soil nutrient content of a specific plot, and based on the nutrient content required by the crop's target output, the nutrient replenishment required by the crop is estimated, and a reasonable and effective proportion of fertilization is determined by combining various local actual influence factors. Fertilizer amount and fertilization method.

Figure-5 Comparison of Soil Nutrients in Different Soil Textures

(Figure-5, Figure-6 are all selected from "Division of farmland soil fertility changes and recommended fertilization" Yao Jun Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences 100089)

Figure-6 Comparison of Soil Nutrients in Different Planting Patterns

4. Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Release Characteristics:

Scientific formulas should meet the crop's soil nutrient retention and fertilizer release characteristics. Soil fertility refers to the ability of the soil to absorb nutrients (including physisorption, chemical combination, and bio-absorption) and conservation capacity. Soil clay minerals and humus are the main components of soil conservation and nutrients, mainly through surface adsorption and interlayer fixation. Different soil textures, structures, and organic matter have different fertilizer and fertilizer retention performances. If the sand content of sand is above 50%, loose soil, poor water retention and fertilizer retention. The loam has a relatively uniform texture, a high content of coarse particles, and good water and fertilizer retention properties. The compositional particles of clay are mainly fine clay, with a heavy texture and a strong ability to retain water and fertility.

Good soil fertility is very important for crops to absorb nutrients and prevent fertilizer loss, but the nutrient uptake of crops also depends on soil fertility release. Fertilizers have a role to play, first of all requiring the soil to have a preservation effect, and then to have a good release performance in order to ensure the absorption of the crop. Soil fertility and fertilizer release is a more complex issue and is related to many factors. For example, the factors affecting the fixation and release of potassium mainly include: texture, soil clay particles are the most active part of the clay, which absorbs potassium ions in higher quantities and density than sand grains and silt particles, and has greater holding power. Moisture and dry humidity affect the release and fixation of potassium. Acidity, It is generally believed that the increase in acid reading of soil can increase the effectiveness of soil potassium, and the use of lime in acidic soil can lead to the fixation of potassium. Other cations, hydrogen ions in the soil coexisting with potassium ions, aluminum ions, ammonium ions, calcium ions, magnesium ions, and other cations can all affect the effectiveness of potassium ions. Similarly, the fixation and release of nitrogen and phosphorus are also affected by many factors.

If the nutrient mechanism is taken into consideration from the plant, the fertilizer and fertilizer release from the soil is also the physical and chemical process of the sorption and desorption of soil (fertilizer) segregants, just like the characteristics of the general solute. Different soils (solutes) have different characteristics of adsorption and desorption. Or, different soils have different fertility and fertilizer release. Therefore, it must be carefully examined and analyzed in formula fertilization to increase fertilizer efficiency and save fertilizer.

5, nutrient content, quality and cost-effectiveness of fertilizers:

Scientific formulas should be based on specific fertilizer quality, nutrient content and cost-effectiveness. Fertilizer plants (stations) must have the ability and means to test and analyze the quality and content of fertilizer raw materials. The purpose of the scientific formula is to allow farmers to increase production and increase income and reduce costs, rather than simply seeking the quality of fertilizer raw materials. Because the quality of fertilizer can be adjusted through the production of compound fertilizers, the raw materials for formula fertilizers are more cost-effective than the emphasis on fertilizer quality and brands.

6. Loss characteristics of fertilizer:

The scientific formula should take into account the loss of fertilizer in the environment, the natural loss of soil, and the loss of chemical reactions after blending different fertilizers. The chemical stability of different fertilizers is different, and some fertilizers will have a significant loss during storage. For example, ammonia fertilizers are easily decomposed and lost in high temperature and humid environment. It was determined that when the temperature was 20 degrees Celsius and 30 degrees Celsius in the open storage of ammonium bicarbonate, the loss situation was still quite serious, such as (Figure-7). Some fertilizers are tolerated when blended

Fig.7 Loss of Ammonium Bicarbonate Storage in the Open Air ("Plant Nutrition", 15 pages, edited by Hu Yutang, China Agricultural University Press, February 2003)

It is easy to produce chemical reaction and cause the loss of chemical reaction. For example, when urea is mixed with superphosphate, nitrogen is easily lost. Most of the natural loss of fertilizer occurs in the soil. The main way of soil N loss is through the absorption, biological action and leaching of gaseous (NH3 NO2 NO/NO2 N2) crops. The loss of gaseous nitrogen is controlled by factors such as temperature, soil properties, types of fertilization, methods and rates of fertilization, and groundwater conditions. NO3-N is the main form of nitrogen leaching. The loss of different fertilizers in the soil is different. From Figure -8, it can be seen that the loss curves of different fertilizers and different fertilizers in the soil are different.

Figure -8 Leakage curves of different nitrogen fertilizers (loss of unit: mg)

(Research Institute of Resources and Environment, Anhui University of Agriculture, Ma Youhua, August 2005, “Research on the Control Mechanism of Sustained-Release Sulphur-Containing Urea Release Mechanism”)

Series-1: General Urea 0.9428g

Series-2: Controlled Sustained Release Sulphur-containing Urea 1.4520g

Series-3: Apply common urea 0.7729 and ammonium sulfate 0.4797g

Therefore, the amount of fertilizer should be determined according to fertilizer loss in soil testing fertilizer.

7. Fertilizer release and absorption characteristics:

Scientific formulations take into account the different release profiles of different fertilizers in the soil and the absorption efficiency of different fertilizers in the same crop. Different fertilizers with the same nutrient content can have different fertilizer release and crop absorption curves, thus constituting different fertilizer utilization rates and utilization patterns. The so-called "release" refers to the conversion of nutrients from chemical substances into effective morphological processes (eg, dissolution, hydrolysis, degradation, etc.) that plants can directly absorb and use; nitrogen release strongly depends on changes in soil properties (eg, biological activity, cosmids). Content, pH, and external conditions (such as moisture content, wet and dry conditions, temperature, etc.). The nitrogen release rate is mainly due to chemical decomposition (hydrolysis) and therefore depends on the size of the fertilizer particles and the moisture content of the soil. Different fertilizers with the same nutrient content will have different release profiles. For example, the release profile of common urea and controlled release urea is very different. Under normal circumstances, the nitrogen utilization rate of controlled release fertilizer is 30%-50% higher than that of common fertilizer, as shown in Figure-9.

Figure-9 Nitrogen release curves in different fertilizers (% total dissolution rate)

(Agricultural University of Anhui Agricultural University, Ma Youhua, August 2005, "Research on controlled-release nutrient release mechanism of sulfur-containing urea")

In addition, the absorption efficiency of different fertilizers by the same crop is different, and the absorption efficiency of fertilizer by crops is greatly influenced by the soil quality. From Fig. 10, it can be seen that the same absorption rate is only 17% for paddy rice, while the absorption rate for ammonium sulfate and urea is about 25%, which is the same as that of ammonium sulfate. The absorption of Huaian blended soil is 20 More than %, but the Jinhua large earth uptake of ammonium sulfate can reach nearly 60%, the difference is considerable.

Figure-10 Comparison of Nitrogen Absorption in Different Nitrogen Fertilizers by Rice (Combination Soil and Large Soil)

("Plant Nutrition", Volume II, edited by Hu Yutang, China Agricultural University Press, February 2003, 2nd Edition)

Different fertilizers with the same nutrient content can have different fertilizer release curves (Figure-9) and crop absorption curves (Figure-10), thus constituting different fertilizer utilization rates and utilization patterns. It can be seen that when fertilizing for soil testing, it is necessary to combine the characteristics of release and absorption of different fertilizers in different soils, and give an optimal fertilization plan in order to maximize production and income.

8. Fertilizer products and efficiency technologies:

The scientific formula should take into account the different fertilizer production technologies and the efficiency of fertilizers used in the synergies. Studies have shown that the application of fertilizer synergists can significantly increase the absorption of nutrients by crops, and the soil's own fertility has also increased. As shown in Figure -11, the efficiency of fertilizer application was 60.3%, 5.3%, and 16.7% higher than that of the control nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, respectively, and the effect was quite significant. It can be seen that the efficacy of the fertilizer synergist should be fully considered in formula fertilization. Compared with no synergist, the efficiency of fertilizer application is significantly increased, and a considerable part of the fertilizer can be saved, which is required in the process of measuring soil fertilization. According to whether to add synergist to increase the amount of diet material. In addition, different fertilizer production technologies and product technologies will also constitute different fertilizer utilization efficiencies. Some product technologies have obvious characteristics of improving fertilizer utilization, such as biological regulation technologies, fertilizer enhancement technologies, chelation technologies, and small molecules ( Easy to absorb) production technology.

In short, in the course of soil testing and fertilizing, it is necessary to increase the amount of dieting materials according to whether or not synergists or other fertilizer production techniques are used. It is unscientific to measure only the value and the amount of fertilization calculated by the formula as the recommended value without considering other factors, which may cause waste of resources and environmental pollution.

Figure-11 Effect of synergist application on fertilizer use efficiency

(Summarizes the experimental study on nutrient migration in soil-crop system using Luoyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, applying high-efficiency fertilizer synergists 2004-11)

9. Influencing factors of climate:

The scientific formula should consider the factors that influence the climate conditions of the fertilizer in the environment and the soil. Major climatic factors such as temperature, rainfall, and light can affect the absorption of nutrients by crops, the changes in fertilizers in the soil, the loss of fertilizers, and the speed with which fertilizers are played. The increase of temperature can promote the decomposition of fertilizers, accelerate the process of crop metabolism and increase the absorption of nutrients by crops. The intensity of light also directly affects photosynthesis, and the intensity of photosynthesis affects absorption and root activity, thereby affecting the absorption of nutrients by crops. Similarly, the absorption of nutrients by water also plays a crucial role. Generally, in areas with high temperatures and high rainfall, fertilizers are likely to be lost. Controlled slow-release fertilizers, slow-dissolved fertilizers, organic fertilizers, and solid fertilizers should be used.

10, fertilization methods and methods:

The scientific formula should consider applying local fertilization methods and methods. Although the same fertilizer, but different fertilization methods, means, fertilizer utilization will be different. For example, (Fig. 12) different methods of fertilization constitute different amounts of fertilizer absorption. At the same time, taking the absorption amount on June 8 as an example, the cumulative absorption of urea can be as high as 260 mg/kg, while mixing and surface dispersion can be as high as 260 mg/kg. The cumulative absorption is about 100mg/kg, the gap is still quite large. Therefore, the fertilizer application method should be considered in the recommended fertilization. Different fertilization methods should be selected according to different crops and different fertilizers. Only the soil testing data or compound fertilizers produced according to the formula can be used to promote the benefits and greatly reduce the benefits. Different fertilization methods should be selected based on the principle of increasing income through cost-saving. Fertilizing methods and methods are also an important part of scientific soil testing and fertilizer.

Figure-12 Relationship between absorption of nitrogen in urea and application methods

(From "Plant Nutrition", Volume 29, Volume 20, Editor-in-Chief of Hu Yutang, China Agricultural University Press, Second Edition, February 2003)

Third, the accuracy of soil testing and fertilizer mixing problems.

Fertilizer blending according to scientific fertilization formula is the third important link in scientific soil testing and fertilizer application. The test is more accurate and the formula is more scientific and reasonable. If the scientific and even compounding of fertilizers cannot be achieved, although the total amount of fertilizer and the ratio of total fertilizers are scientific, the application of fertilizers to specific plots and crop plants is not a true scientific formula fertilizer. Therefore, it is impossible to achieve true scientific soil testing, fertilizer, and farmers' income increase. Fertilizer mix needs to solve two problems, one is who will mix the problem, the second is how to mix the problem.

(A) Who will mix the questions?

At present, the main body of fertilization with mixed fertilizers in Chinese soil testing and fertilizing operations is diverse. There are mainly four main groups: farmers themselves, fertilizer distributors, specialized fertilizer stations, and compound fertilizer manufacturers. Suitable for the mixed production of soil testing and fertilizing should be the main technical means, mechanisms, and benefits that are consistent with the farmers' scientific interests in fertilizer distribution.

1. Farmers mix their own fertilizers

Farmers mix their own fertilizers are farmers according to fertilizer formula issued by relevant experts or units, buy fertilizers to go home and mix. Although the farmers themselves are responsible for the use of fertilizers, because farmers in China are currently mainly elderly people with low cultural and scientific skills, many people cannot even make measurements, and it is difficult to ensure the accuracy, uniformity, and fertilizer quality of fertilizers. . The most important thing is that it is very difficult for farmers to ensure that fertilizers are accurately and evenly distributed. It is difficult for farmers to use their mixes to determine the quality of the mix. In particular, farmers cannot judge the quality and nutrient content of purchased fertilizer, and it is difficult to grasp the quality of mixed fertilizers.

2. Fertilizer Distributors Fertilizer

At present, most distributors use fertilizer to increase fertilizer sales. In the nationwide soil testing and fertilizing campaign, although many dealers also purchased equipment to conduct so-called soil testing and fertilizer, due to the lack of scientific basis for soil testing and fertilizing: skills, talent, and equipment, the real Scientific soil testing with fertilizer. The current distributors do not have the equipment and production conditions for the compound fertilizers. All that can be done is to supply the farmers with the total fertilizer amount and the total fertilizer proportion.

3, compound fertilizer manufacturers mixed fertilizer

Fertilizer manufacturers are mainly selling their own products with fertilizer, compound fertilizer production equipment can not produce targeted formula fertilizer, because the characteristics of compound fertilizer production equipment requires large-scale, mass production, or high production costs, farmers can not afford. Therefore, compound fertilizer plants, especially large-scale fertilizer companies, are not suitable for real scientific soil testing and fertilizer. Compound fertilizer companies often proceed from the interests of the company and engage in so-called large formulas, average formula fertilizers, and special fertilizers for crops.

4、 Professional mixed fertilizer station (plant)

The professional mixed fertilizer station (plant) is a department and enterprise that uses professional tools, equipment, and talents to produce mixed fertilizers. The use of professional equipment in soil testing and fertilizer station can realize one-to-one matching and one-to-one targeted mixed fertilizer production. After using professional tools and equipment, the production quality of mixed fertilizer can be standardized and effectively controlled, so as to achieve real significance. Scientific fertilizers and precision fertilization.

(b) How to mix problems

Mixed fertilizers originated in the United States earlier than the United States, the general installation capacity of 30,000-50,000 tons / year, sales service radius of 50 miles. By the 1990s, there were about 8,000 units in the United States, and production accounted for 70% of the total US production. Mixed fertilizers have also been rapidly promoted in other parts of the world. In 1988, the amount of blending fertilizer in Malaysia had reached 70% of the total amount of fertilizer. In 1986, the amount of Brazilian blended fertilizer reached about 70%, while in Japan, 80% used blended fertilizer. China has also made corresponding promotion since the 1980s. However, BB fertilizers have so far been largely unproven in China. There may be three reasons why China's promotion of mixed fertilizers is unsuccessful: First, some BB fertilizer factories have business purposes and concepts that are not correct, and regard farmers' trust as a chance to defraud farmers' wealth. The second is that some BB fertilizer factories have not carried out serious soil testing and fertilizer, and the formula used is not scientific enough, so it has not achieved the effect of farmers' real benefits. Third, the mixing technology and equipment conditions are not available. Many simple mixed fertilizer plants use artificial and iron shovels for the compounding of fertilizers, and it is difficult to grasp the quality of the compounding. The quality of the compounding depends on the self-consciousness of the compounding workers and their experience in grasping the compounding quality. To take a step back, the production equipment conditions and technical conditions of the compounding plant with the compounding equipment have failed to achieve the scientific, precise and uniform mixed fertilizer. The traditional mixed fertilizer equipment is centrifugal, and the premise of even mixing is that the granularity of the fertilizer raw material is more important than that of the raw material. This is difficult to achieve before or after a considerable period of time. Therefore, to solve the problem of precise and uniform compounding, we should start from the aspects of compounding equipment. Mixing fertilizer equipment to solve two aspects: First, measurement automation and measurement accuracy to achieve fertilizer requirements, and human factors should be ruled out. Second, the uniformity (quality) of mixed fertilizers is not affected by the size and specific gravity of raw materials.

Fourth, the time and funds for soil testing and fertilizer.

The fourth important link of scientific soil testing and fertilizer application is the organization of time, funds and materials for soil testing and fertilizer application.由于施肥季节性很强，施肥时间集中、短促，一次性肥料投入量很大，测土配肥实施需要的资金量（流资）很大。如果不注意测土配肥的这一特点，不解决测土配肥中的时间、资金问题，科学测土配肥只能是空中楼阁和水中捞月。要解决测土配肥时间、资金问题，应对科学测土配肥的时间、资金问题有清晰的认识和高度的重视。

1、 科学测土配肥的时间分析

科学测土配肥也是一个科学生产、供应肥料的问题，所以它具有农业生产资料购销中原有的问题：如，时间紧、供销活动集中、一次性购销量大、需要事前大量储备肥料、需要大量流资等。然而，科学测土配肥比传统肥料购销的时间、资金问题更突出，更困难。因为，测土配肥是一个（链条环节）系统和过程。测土配肥的全过程（链条环节）依次是：（1）测土准备：仪器、药品、物资工具准备、购买；人员培训；经营管理、宣传（政策）准备；人员宣传、动员、组织等都需要相应的时间。（2）取送土样与填写（农户、种植）土地档：测试人员自己取土样需要出差、下乡和往田间地头跑，这需要较多的时间。测试人员自己去取土样可保证土样的代表性和测土准确性、精确性，但不可普及和大范围进行、时间长、工作量大、成本高。农民自己取土样也需要时间往田间地头跑。另外，农民送土样也要一定时间。虽农民自己取样、送样时间短、成本低，可普及和大范围进行，但难保土样代表性和测土准确性、精确性。（3）土样处理与标定: 待测试的土样要进行均混分样、干燥、粉碎、过筛等处理和标定等工作及时间。风干土样需要（3—5天）时间较长，土样烘干虽然时间短，但容易造成养分丢失。特别是对土样的具体情况（如：户名、取土时间、地理位置、地貌、种植历史、施肥历史、计划种植情况）要登记和标定。这些也需要一定的时间来进行。（4）土样检测: 土样测试（量样、浸提、稀释、显色、定容等）;出测试报告与建档。不同的测土方法测试时间不同，传统测土（碱解氮）时间为20多小时/样，ASI法大批量测试每个样平均测试时间每样为25分钟/台，速测仪速测时间大批量平均每样为20分钟/台，单样测试需要30—60分钟/样。如果考虑打印测试报告和建立土壤档案则需要更多的时间。（5）制定施肥配方与方案: 针对性施肥配方需要结合具体地块测试结果、作物历史产量、施肥量和作物营养需求曲线、肥料流失曲线等多种因素来进行。由于农户种植和施肥历史不同，每一个农户针对性施肥配方都需要一定的具体问题研究和配方设计时间。即使地区综合性大配方（平均配方）也需将地区土壤分类分区、作物分类后计算测土平均值，再进行配方设计，因此也需要一定时间。（6）与农户（拥护）确认施肥配方和供配肥协议：若不与农民事先约定施肥配方和供肥计划，混配生产出的肥料可能会被拒绝而积压，何况针对性配方肥是不适合再用于其他农户。若与农户签约或确认施肥配方，就需要一定的时间来处理此事。当然，若能在测土前与农户事前签订测土配肥服务，就不必再签订配肥配方确认书了。（7）根据农户确认配方制定购肥计划：核算配肥站管辖范围内用户需肥品种与数量，确定配肥原料采购品种与数量，与配肥原材料厂家联系、协商供货。（8）混配肥生产原材料采购与运输。（9）混配肥生产加工： 若配肥站每天配肥生产能力为二十吨/天，每乡配肥5000吨的话，需要生产加工时间为250天。 （10）混配肥产品配送：配肥站要组织运输把混配好的针对性肥料送到离农户购取方便的经销商、供应商。 （11）农户肥料购买与学习：由于农民资金或私人事件问题，需要留给农户购买、领取混配肥的富余时间和熟悉混配肥使用方法的学习时间。（12）农技员施肥指导与农户施肥：农民施肥需要视天气条件，有些农民需要农技人员上门指导，所以施肥时间也可能是一个小时间段。在上述测土配肥（链条）过程中，前一个（链条环节）过程是后一个（环节）过程的前提和条件，依次类推。可见，科学测土配肥不适宜搞集中性测土或集中开施肥配方，也不适宜搞（单点的）大型配肥站（中心）。科学测土配肥的时间特征要求搞多点或面式（同时进行的）群众性行动。

2、 科学测土配肥的资金效益分析。

科学测土配肥是一个复杂系统工程，包括测土系统、科学配肥配方技术服务系统、配方肥生产加工系统和肥料购销储运系统。科学测土配肥的原则、前提和目的是农业、

    A urine analyser is a device used in the clinical setting to perform automatic urine testing. The units can detect and quantify a number of analytes including bilirubin, protein, glucose and red blood cells. 

    Find a wide variety of Urinalysis Equipment with 4MD Medical. We have brand name supplies and reduced prices. Shop today!

Urinalysis Equipment

Urine Centrifuge,Urinalysis Equipment,Laboratory Urinalysis Equipment,Urine Test Equipment

Changchun Medicon Technology Development Co., Ltd , https://www.jlmdk.com