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(I) Variety and cultivation requirements
1. Variety Hawthorn has many varieties and strains, and it has a wide cultivation area. Therefore, it is recommended to select a variety of storage-resistant species that are grown in large areas.
2. Regional and climatic influences Hawthorn is widely distributed in China, and the hawthorn produced in northern regions with higher latitudes and colder regions is generally more resistant to storage than southern hawthorn varieties produced at lower latitudes. For example, in Liaoning, Beijing, and Shandong, many varieties of real estate are more resistant to storage than hawthorn varieties such as Henan and Hubei, while hawthorn produced in Yunnan is the most resistant to storage.
3. Influence of the picking period (maturity) The determination of picking time of the hawthorn often takes into account the needs, uses, and storage resistance of the market. Generally used for long-term storage of hawthorn, harvesting period can be appropriate in advance, for the sale and processing of hawthorn, it should be appropriate late harvest, its flavor, yield will be increased accordingly. However, for the storage of hawthorn, picking too late, a large number of hawthorn fruit drop, increased mechanical damage, the fruit soon after harvesting, aging, softening, rotting increased, decreased resistance to possession. If harvesting is too early, it will lead to lack of inherent flavor such as fruit color, aroma, and taste, affecting yield and quality. At the same time, fruit loss caused by postharvest losses is severe and there is a lot of wilting, which reduces the resistance to storage.
In general, when the peel becomes red and fruit flour or wax appears on the fruit surface, it can be picked. It is advisable to pick mornings to minimize mechanical injuries. After harvesting, it should be placed in the cool place for 1 day to 2 days with loose heaps, etc., disperse field heat, or directly enter the cold storage at 0°C.
(II) Storage conditions
1. Temperature requirements -1 °C -0 °C;
2. The humidity requirement is 85%-95%;
3. Atmosphere index oxygen 3% -5%, carbon dioxide 3% -5%;
4. Storage period 3-7 months.
(III) Storage and Fresh-keeping Techniques and Management Measures The storage methods of hawthorn are numerous, and creating the suitable temperature, humidity and gas conditions in the hawthorn storage environment is the key to prolonging the storage life. From the principles of “low temperature, heat protection, moisturizing, and ventilationâ€, all regions have accumulated a lot of valuable experience and effective storage methods.
1. Easy Storage (1) Gully: This method is widely used in Shandong, Hebei and other places. First of all, we must choose a place where the terrain is flat and dry, leeward and sunny, not easy to accumulate water, and where traffic is convenient. The direction of the ditch is preferably north-south. Generally, the width of the ditch is 100 cm-120 cm, the ditch depth is 50 cm-60 cm, and the lower width is 70 cm-80 cm. The ditch length is determined by the storage amount and the topography. The bottom of the ditch should be flat. Spread wet sand with a thickness of 10cm - 15cm and flatten and compact it. Then the selected hawthorn was piled on top of it. Each layer was 40 cm to 50 cm thick. The top of the pile was ridge-like. Afterwards, it gradually sank into a flat item. Grass or curtains should be covered during the day before storage, and heat should be removed at night. The latter part is mainly anti-freeze. When there are more than two fingers deep in the local area, the top should be covered with hay, leaves and other cold-proof. Afterwards, it is gradually added with soil temperature, and the thickness is 30cm-40cm. Dig a small drainage ditch on both sides of the ditch. This method is simple, low cost, and can be stored until the next year.
In some areas, there are ditch and sand mountains and their specifications are the same as before. It's just that the effect is different. Put a layer of fruit and cover it with a layer of wet sand until it reaches the top. The leaves are placed on the walls and top of the ditch to separate the fruit from the soil. Other methods are the same. The Funing Mountainous Region in Hebei Province uses this method to store mountain ridges and to clear the Ming dynasty even to the valley rain.
(2) Burial method: also called pit method. Pick back the sun to dig pits, the pit is about 100 cm deep and 70 cm in diameter. The bottom of the pit is covered with a layer of 15 cm to 20 cm of fine sand. Then the selected fruit is piled into the pit and the height is 50 cm to 60 cm. 15 centimeters to 20 centimeters fine sand, finally covered with mound. It begins to be buried in mid-to-late October. This method does not require management. With the use of digging, it can be stored until the following spring.
(3) Cellaring: This is the most common method used in northern China. Select high-pitched terrain, low groundwater level, air circulation, and solid soil at the cellar. The entrance into the cellar is best during the mid-to-late November when the weather turns cold. The packaging containers can be baskets, baskets, or boxes. When there is a palletizer, there should be a cushion between the bottom and the floor, and be careful to leave a certain amount of space for ventilation. Can be stored until the following year in April, if carefully managed, the storage period can be postponed.
(4) Cylinder method: This method is used for small storage in the family. Wash the cylinder thoroughly and put it in a cool and cool room. Put a pot in the bottom of the tank. Set up 4 to 5 stalks of straw in the basin for ventilation and then place the selected hawthorn fruit in the cylinder. Inside, place it 15 centimeters from the edge of the cylinder, and put a layer of straw or leaves or leaves on it. When the weather turns cold (about November), seal the cylinder mouth again with kraft paper or paste.
2. Ventilation and Cold Storage When storing large amounts of hawthorn, ventilation and cold storage are generally used. The technical point is to make full use of natural cooling sources or mechanical refrigeration to create suitable storage conditions. Among them, the ventilated storage should pay attention to reduce the temperature as soon as possible in the early stage; cold storage should maintain stable and appropriate storage temperature and reduce temperature fluctuations. At the same time, we must strengthen ventilation management and increase the humidity of the storage environment.
3. Atmosphere storage Hawthorn air conditioning storage generally uses polyethylene film bags. This not only partially controls the gas composition, reduces the metabolism and water loss of the hawthorn, but also delays the aging of the fruit and maintains the quality of the hawthorn. This is a simple and easy method. The application of film packaging under the condition of cold storage has better storage effect. The method is as follows:
(1) Film pouch packaging method: Use 0.04 mm to 0.07 mm thick polyethylene film bags, each containing 20 kg to 25 kg. Or use silicon window modified atmosphere storage bags, each bag of 20 kg -25 kg, boxed or basket. Such as storage in a ventilated warehouse, film bag in the form of a pull (silicon window bag), to avoid excessive accumulation of carbon dioxide in the bag (in the middle and late Zhakou), can also be used on the bag hole (pinhole 3 - 5 ) Method directly zhakou, directly into the 0 °C cold storage can be directly Zhakou. The use of a silicon window for air-conditioned storage bags is simple, low-cost, and effective.
(2) Air-conditioning big account method: The use of large accounts (polyethylene film, thickness of 0.1 mm -0.2 mm, 500 kg -2500 kg per account) storage of hawthorn, the effect is better. The methods include: natural dehydration method for large accounts, artificial oxygen reduction method for carbon molecular sieve gas conditioners, and large-account method for gas windows of silicon windows. Stacking, boxing, and basket loading can be used.
(4) Major problems and prevention methods
1. During the storage process of the wilting hawthorn, if the humidity is too low, the fruit will lose a lot of water due to excessive transpiration. Therefore, the hawthorn must be stored at a suitable humidity. For example, if the temperature is relatively low, the relative humidity should be 90%-95%. If the temperature is relatively high (eg 2°C-4°C), the relative humidity should be lower than the relative humidity. 85%-90%. In addition, the use of silicone window air-conditioning film packaging bags and large account of the atmosphere is also an effective measure.
2. Decay The storage of fruits at an appropriate temperature (-2°C - 0°C), humidity, and atmospheric regulation is an effective way to reduce decay and prolong shelf life. In addition, it is generally believed that early storage of hawthorn can tolerate higher concentrations of carbon dioxide and lower concentrations of oxygen (from October to November can be controlled at 7% -10% of oxygen, carbon dioxide 7% -10%), and in the late (leap year In February-March, oxygen 15% and carbon dioxide 1%-3% require higher concentrations of oxygen and lower concentrations of carbon dioxide, otherwise the fruit will spoil and decay.
Hawthorn has good resistance to storage, but there are still two problems to be solved during storage: First, the fruit is very susceptible to water loss and wilting; secondly, it is susceptible to fungal infection and causes massive decay. Therefore, hawthorn storage should pay attention to the following issues.