Litchi yield is low, there are few results, and even no granules are collected. In many cases, it is not without flowers. Instead, the internal and external conditions that are continuously required in the process of flower bud differentiation, flowering, and fruit development are not affected, affecting the normality of embryos and fruits. Growth and development, resulting in the continuous loss of fruit, or even all off, flowering and not real. Overcoming flowers and not realizing it is a key measure in litchi cultivation techniques and is an important part of ensuring good harvest of litchi. First, the conditions required for the normal development of fruit 1. Normal pollination and fertilization "Litchi has large spikes and large amounts of flowers. Most of them are dichoenous and heterozygous. Only when the normal pollination and fertilization process is completed can the female ovary develop normally and develop into a fruit of economic value. Normal pollination and fertilization It is the premise of the normal development of the litchi table.In order to make the litchi fruits grow normally, we must first create good conditions for pollination and fertilization of litchi. 2. Sufficient nutrient supply during fruit development Litchi needs to consume a lot of nutrients in the tree during the process of flowering, flowering and fruit development. Therefore, there is a large amount of continuous supply of mineral nutrients, carbohydrates, and nitrogen-containing organics throughout the growth and development step cover. Otherwise, fruit development will stop and result in serious fruit drop. One of the organic nutrients that supply fruit growth and development is the accumulation in the tree body before flowering, and the second is the photosynthesis of leaves after flowering. Therefore, the amount of nutrients accumulated in the litchi-derived parental branches, as well as the growth conditions and metabolic conditions at the flowering and young fruit stages directly affect the normal development of the fruit. 3. Rational regulation of vegetative and reproductive growth during fruit development During the flowering and fruit period, the vegetative growth is too strong, it will consume a large amount of nutrients accumulated and produced by the plants, and at the same time make the endogenous hormone balance of the tree out of balance, unable to stimulate the nutrients normally to the flower spikes and fruit transport, on the one hand the buds Not strong enough, on the other hand, the fruit does not get sustained supply of nutrients and falls off. Therefore, in the flowering and fruiting period, it is necessary to reasonably control the growth of vegetative growth, so that the spring shoots, summer shoots, and leaves and root systems of the spikes in flower spikes cannot grow too vigorously, causing fruit drop. 4. Environmental conditions suitable for the growth and development of litchi In the litchi flowering and fruit development period must have appropriate environmental conditions in order to ensure normal litchi fertilization and fruit development. Education. Low temperature, rain, dry phoenix, drought or water will affect fertilization or cause physiological disorders, causing fruit cracking and fruit drop. Second, the litchi physiological fruit drop causes In the process of fruit growth and development, Litchi may come off at any time, but there is a relatively concentrated shedding. During the period, according to our many years of research and observation, there are several more concentrated physical fruiting peak periods as follows: The first peak of physiological fruiting fall: 7 to 12 days after the female flower, the fruit drop rate is about 50%. Mainly caused by poor pollination and fertilization. The peak of the second physiological fruit drop: about 25 days after the female flower withered. This is the time when the endosperm degenerates and disappears. The disappearance of the endosperm affects the normal development of the embryo and causes the endogenous hormone balance of the fruit to cause fruit shedding. The third peak of physiological fruiting falls: 50 to 55 days after the female flower withered. At this time, the flesh of the fruit grows from the base of the seed, which covers about 1/3 of the seed. This is the rapid growth and development of the flesh, which requires a lot of nutrients. In addition, the summer shoots began to germinate and the roots grew vigorously causing vegetative growth and dysregulation of reproductive growth causing fruit drop. The coke core cultivars, such as glutinous rice cultivars, have a peak of fruit drop about 40 days after the female flower withered, mainly due to embryo abortion. Pre-harvest fruit drop: usually 10 to 15 days before harvest, when the fruit is fully developed, it increases sharply and gains weight. It needs a lot of nutrients, and some varieties will cause fruit drop under insufficient nutrient supply or adverse environmental conditions. In addition, the increase in sugar content during this period, such as continuous rain or long-term showers, will cause a large number of cracks: The infestation of diseases and insects during flowering and fruit development is also one of the important causes of fruit drop and fruit cracking, especially the damage caused by pests such as Phytophthora capsici, Anthracnose, Litchi septempunctata, and Lycium barbarum. The main technical measures for strong flowers and fruits According to the conditions required for the normal development of litchi fruit and the reasons and reasons for the peak fruit drop, it is necessary to take effective measures to solve the undesirable conditions and factors that may occur in the fruit development period in order to increase the fruit setting rate. , to achieve the purpose of high yield. 1. Cultivate a robust spike Strengthen the cultivation and management of litchi and cultivate the timely and robust results of the parent shoots of autumn shoots, lay the foundation for flowering and fruiting, and cultivate a short, strong, well-developed and high proportion of female flower spikes through a series of techniques for flowering and controlling shoots. This is the premise of Litchi Baoguo. Therefore, on the basis of carrying out and strengthening the conventional cultivation and management measures, we should do a good job in cultivating the result of the parent branch and controlling the tip and promoting the flower (such as the use of “Lichi special flower promoter†and “controlling the tip flowerâ€). In the panicle growth stage, “complex nucleotides†and “litchi preserved fruits†are used to create favorable conditions for fruit protection. 2. Control flowering and flowering Litchi is characterized by large spikes, large amounts of flowers, a small proportion of female flowers, and a relatively concentrated flowering period. However, due to different varieties, different growth and development conditions and conditions, there are great differences in flowering period and flowering amount. Therefore, the growth and development of trees is regulated through cultivation techniques. State, adjusting the flowering period, controlling flowering volume, and increasing the proportion of female flowers can both reduce nutrient consumption and promote the development of female flowers and small fruits, and can also reduce the impact of bad weather on pollination and fertilization, and help increase the fruit setting rate. The main measures for spending are as follows: (1) Regulate the pumping period of the untimed (result mother). The result was that the maternal branches were drawn prematurely. In addition to the tendency to germinate the winter shoots, the spikes were large, the flowers were more, the flowering period was earlier, and the female flower ratio was lower. However, if the autumnal shoots are too late, it will affect flower bud differentiation and cannot be flowered. Therefore, it is important to cultivate timely and robust autumn shoots. Generally, the result tree should be cultivated for the second autumn shoot, and the young fruit tree should be cultivated for three autumn shoots. The non-shooting shoots of early-maturing varieties should be in late August-early September, the middle-maturing varieties should be in the middle-late September and the late-maturing varieties should be end of September. It's ideal to get out in early October. (2) artificial flower spikes or short-cut spikes are one of the main measures to adjust the flowering period and flower volume. For early and medium-maturing long-eared flower varieties (such as Zizixiao, March red, etc.) can grow in the spike; below cm, the spikes are removed from the base, so that spikes grow again, can be picked 1 ~ 2 times . The short-cut of the late-maturing varieties can be cut at the top 1/2 when the spikes grow to 5 to 10 cm. Or cut the top 8 to 10 cm when the spike grows to more than 10 cm. (3) The control of panicles of chemical drugs can make the leaflets with leaf spikes fall off, or kill some of the spikelets, reduce the amount of flowers, increase the proportion of female flowers and delay the flowering period properly. The treatment method is to spray the spikes once with a “Lichee-specific flower-stimulating agent†(40 kg per packet) or with a “leaflet†(20 kg per bottle) when flowering 3-4 cm. once. For long-growth panicle varieties (such as Zizixiao, Shuidong, etc.), when the spike length is 5 to 8 cm, shoot with a tip of the stubble (20 to 30 kg per packet of water) to kill the top of the spike. It grows again to reach the effect of manual picking. 3. Create conditions for normal pollination and fertilization Most varieties of female flowers must pass the process of pollination and fertilization to make their ovary develop normally. Although the female and male flowers of litchi grow on the same flower spike, most of the female and male flowers of the variety are often not open at the same time, but are open in batches. Commonly called female and male flowers do not meet. Although the orchards of different varieties of mixed species can be opened at the same time, pollen is transmitted through bees, insects or wind, but often encounter rainy weather, affecting pollination and fertilization, resulting in false flowers. (1) Basic conditions for pollination and fertilization of litchi Litchi completes the normal pollination and fertilization process and requires strict environmental conditions. The male flower's pollen capsule (anther) must be mature at temperatures above 18°C ​​in sunny days to crack; pollen grains adhere to the stigma of female flowers and germinate at about 25°C and 20-30 minutes under moist conditions. The pollen tube is inserted into the stigma and extends into the ovary to reach the ovary. At this time, male pollen grains enter the embryo sac through the pollen tube and undergo double fertilization with the egg cells and polar nuclei. Only when the fertilization process is completed can the ovary develop normally. Therefore, in the blooming period of litchi female flowers, environmental conditions such as warmth, clearness, less light, and more appropriate atmospheric humidity are required to complete the normal pollination and fertilization process. Litchi can bloom day and night, the anthers of male flowers are most open at 8-14, and female flowers are most open at 7-18 and 14-17. The anthers of male flowers turn brown and dry from white to loose powder for about 2 to 3 days. When golden yellow is the most pollen, pollen should be seized; the stigma of female flowers is feathery cracked, and the tolerance for pollen is about 3 to 1 4 days, but the stigma just cracking, and when mucus secretion, is the most appropriate time for pollination. (2) The bee pollination Litchi is an androgynous flower, its pollinators are mainly bees, flies and other insects. The pollen group of a honeybee's hind foot festival has about 100,000 particles of pollen. Its activity range is better than 250 meters. Generally, the temperature is 22 to 25C and the relative humidity is 7580%. Most frequently, bee colonies are scattered in orchards for stocking. In addition, during the period of bee-keeping, both the school campus and nearby orchards should stop spraying pesticides to prevent bee poisoning and honey contamination. (3) Artificially assisted pollination The pollen collection method used in the past was to shake male flowers under a tree with a plastic film, and then release 20 kg of water: 1 to 2 kg of male flowers that had been shaken, soaked and filtered to obtain “pollen water†and then sprayed on female flowers. On the pollination, the effect is poor. The main reason is that most of the male flowers that have been shaken are already withered. The pollen has lost its vitality. On the other hand, even if there is a part of fresh pollen, it is too long for the washing of the powder in the leaching water and the tannins in the male flower are inhibited from oozing. The pollen germinated because the pollen lost its vitality by soaking in a 10 ppm aqueous tannin solution for 20 minutes. A key issue in artificial pollination techniques is the collection of pollen. First of all, we must emphasize the need to collect pollen with high germination rate (high viability), and consider how to maintain the pollen germination rate during use and preservation. The practice of collecting pollen: First, the use of pollen germination rate of high varieties, such as March red, glutinous rice bran, Huaizhi pollen germination rate of more than 80%, while Shuidong, Dianzixiao varieties of pollen germination rate only 20 to 30%. Second, to collect pollen on sunny days, the pollen germination rate collected on rainy days is significantly reduced. Third, the pollen collected in the eye is best to use a wet towel to take the powder, the wet towel on the male flower pat, and then wash the water, repeated many times, you can get pale yellow pollen water, immediately sprayed on the female flower. The entire process of powder sampling and dusting does not require more than 20 minutes. Fourth, the pollen collected in the eye can be placed in a desiccator and refrigerator for storage. The specific operation is to first take the male flower's anther in a petri dish, place the desiccator overnight, and remove the anther wall and other debris after the anther is cracked. Carefully collect the golden pollen grains in a dry clean vial and place them in a refrigerator at about 20°C. The valid period can be more than one year. Artificial pollination methods: (1) Spray pollination, mostly used in sunny days, pollination can be used to reduce the nectar on the stigma, but also to maintain a certain degree of humidity on the stigma, is conducive to pollen germination, but pay attention to "pollen Water "don't stay too long and it needs to be completed within 20 minutes. (2) Dry powder pollination, mostly in the rain, usually first gently shake the branches, so that the female flowers properly dry water, and then the small tree can be used to spread the pollen to dry the pollen, the tree can be used to sweep the dust, you can also set the pollen At the beehive mouth, let the bees carry the powder. (4) Prevention of "flowers" When the litchi is in the rain, it is necessary to shake the trees in time and shake off the withered flowers and the water after the rain, which can reduce the death of the spikes caused by water accumulation and reduce the infection of Phytophthora capsici. In addition, shaking the tree frequently encourages the spread and spread of pollen (5) Dry days spray When the female flowers are in high temperature and dry during the full bloom period, the female stigma is easy to dry and wilting, which is not conducive to pollination and fertilization. At this time, water should be sprayed on the canopy and flowers to increase the atmospheric humidity and reduce the mucus concentration in the head. Pollination pollen water can increase the chance of pollination and increase fruit set rate. 4. Regulate the growth and development of litchi Litchi flower and fruit period should fully control vegetative growth and reduce the consumption of carbohydrates in the tree in order to fully supply the fruit's growth and development. (1) Inhibit the growth of spring shoots. Cut off a small amount of spring shoots from the flowering plants and remove leaves from the spikes on the flowering leaves to reduce shoot consumption and improve the fruit setting rate. (2) Rational fertilization. Litchi flowering fertilization should be mainly phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. Do not apply too much nitrogen to the rhizosphere before or after flowering. Nitrogenous fertilizer before flowering will lead to the formation of spikes with flowers, spikes are too long, unfavorable for fruit set, at the same time will also promote the growth point to produce growth hormone, active growth center, so that the root group, branches shoot growth. Rapid consumption of large amounts of carbohydrates causes fruit to fall off. During flowering and fruiting period, it is advisable to apply appropriate amounts of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers to the rhizosphere before flowering, and to supply the nutrient requirements of the school with multiple external root dressing methods. 5. Ring cut ring Ring-cutting is a more effective fruit-keeping measure and is applicable to the growth-prone result tree, especially the juvenile result tree. The effect is more significant. However, circumcision does not apply to trees that are old and weak. The circumcision time can be performed within 10 days after the female flower has been spent. Young glutinous rice pods thrive and can be circumcised for a second time in late May. The ring cut should be carried out on the main branch and the large branch. Select a large branch with a diameter of about 6 cm. In the smooth part, use an electric knife or a ring cutter to cut the ring. The depth of the ring cutting can only reach the essential part, and the ring cutting will be too deep. Causes the branches to die. The juvenile fruiting tree which grows vigorously can also be used on the main trunk or main branch with a stripping knife with a width of 0.2-0.3 cm to carry out a spiral circumcision 1-1. 5 laps, girdling should be in the flower spike 7 to 10 centimeters, such as glutinous rice bran, cinnamon and other late-maturing varieties of thousands of annual circumcision in March or mid-March, 10 days after the implementation of girdling or female flowers. In addition, in the winter, the main or main branch is tied with 16 to 14 iron wires, which has a good effect on protecting fruits. 6. Application of growth regulators According to the period and cause of physiological fruit drop, applying growth regulators to protect fruit, generally spray the first time about 15 days after the female flower Xie, spray the second time around the sky, spraying a total of 2 3 times, can effectively Reduce fruit drop. See Table 1 for the types and concentration of effective growth regulators for Litchi fruits. Different litchi varieties have slightly different responses to growth regulators, such as the ability to use them differently, with better results. Table 2 is a comparatively successful method we have summed up over the years. Vitamins are a class of organic compounds necessary to maintain good health. This kind of substance is neither a raw material for body tissue nor a source of energy in the body, but a kind of regulating substance, which plays an important role in material metabolism. These substances are often supplied from food because they are not synthesized or are insufficiently synthesized in the body, although they are rarely needed. Vitamin Excellent Health Products Co.,Ltd. , http://www.sino-excellent.com
Vitamins, also known as vitamins, are, in popular terms, substances that sustain life, are a class of organic substances necessary to maintain human life, and are also important active substances for maintaining human health. Vitamins are low in the body, but they are indispensable. Although the chemical structures and properties of various vitamins are different, they have the following in common:
1 vitamins are present in food in the form of provitamins;
2 vitamins do not constitute a component of body tissues and cells, it does not produce energy, its role is mainly involved in the regulation of the body's metabolism;
3 Most of the vitamins, the body can not be synthesized or the amount of synthesis is insufficient, can not meet the needs of the body, must be obtained through food;
4 The human body needs a small amount of vitamins. The daily dose is usually calculated in milligrams or micrograms, but once it is lacking, it will cause the corresponding Vitamin deficiency, which will cause damage to human health;
Vitamins are different from carbohydrates, fats and proteins. They are only a small percentage of natural foods, but they are necessary for the human body. Some vitamins such as B6.K can be synthesized by bacteria in the intestines of animals, and the amount of synthesis can meet the needs of animals. Animal cells can convert tryptophan into niacin (a type B vitamin), but the amount of production is not enough; vitamin C can be synthesized by other animals except primates and guinea pigs. Plants and most microorganisms can synthesize vitamins themselves, without having to be supplied from outside the body. Many vitamins are part of a prosthetic or coenzyme.
Vitamins are some small amounts of organic compounds necessary for human and animal nutrition and growth. They are extremely important for the metabolism, growth, development and health of the body. If you lack a certain vitamin for a long time, it will cause physiological dysfunction and cause certain diseases. Generally obtained from food. There are dozens of kinds found at this stage, such as Vitamin A, vitamin B, vitamin C and so on.
Vitamins are essential organic compounds in the metabolism of the human body. The human body is like an extremely complex chemical plant, constantly carrying out various biochemical reactions. The reaction is closely related to the catalytic action of the enzyme. Enzymes must be enzymatically active in order to produce activity. Many vitamins are known to be coenzymes of enzymes or constituent molecules of coenzymes. Therefore, vitamins are important substances for maintaining and regulating the normal metabolism of the body. It can be considered that the best vitamins are in the form of "biologically active substances" and are present in human tissues.