1. Feed colostrum as soon as possible

The first colostrum must be fed 30 to 60 minutes after birth. The newborn yak's stomach is empty and the stomach wall is mucous. The resistance to bacteria is very weak, and the cow's colostrum has a high content of immunoglobulin for one hour after birth. The colostrum substitutes for the stomach mucus to stick to the stomach and intestines, preventing the bacteria from entering. blood. Studies have shown that colostrum is nutritious, has a dry matter content that is 1 time higher than that of normal milk, minerals are 1 times more than normal milk, protein is 4 to 5 times that of regular milk, and vitamin A, carotene, lysosomes, and antibodies are contained. It is also relatively high, and it protects yak's gastrointestinal tract, diarrhea, and sterilization. Although colostrum has many advantages, it also has some limitations. Generally, the first day of colostrum is 1/6th of the calf's initial weight, and after that, it increases by 0.1kg per day to the third or fifth day, after which some artificial milk can be used. Or substitute milk substitute, colostrum should not be fed too much to prevent diarrhea. General calves can be fed with regular milk or colostrum mixed with normal milk for 5 days after birth. If still feeding colostrum, they need to be diluted with water in a ratio of 2:1. The ratio of regular milk to colostrum when feeding mixed milk is 1:2. When feeding, do quantitative, constant temperature, regular and fixed. The daily feed is about 10% of the calf's body weight. As the age increases, the daily milk intake will increase by 0.1 kg (20 to 30 days of age), and the amount of milk to be fed will be about 5 kg at the time of weaning. The feed should be fed 3 to 4 times a day. Each feeding interval must be equal. "If you feed at the point, do not feed at the point." If there is not enough milk, you can add boiled water. You must not overeat. After taking milk juice in summer, it can be immediately fed without heating. In cold season, the milk cans are placed in a boiling water pot and warmed. Do not heat directly with the stove. The milk temperature is preferably 38 to 40°C. On the basis of constant temperature and quantitative determination, attention should be paid to the quality of milk. First of all, avoid adding antibiotics to the cow's feed to prevent disease, or feeding prohibited feed additives and animal feed; secondly, pay attention to the hygiene during milking. The milk produced by cows infected with mastitis and infectious diseases, etc., is controlled to be marketed and fed to calves.

2. Artificial milk and roughage feeding

In order to save milk, foreign countries have widely used artificial milk to feed yak. ​​About 10 days of age, milk is replaced by artificial milk. Generally, artificial milk contains skim milk, animal fat, lactose, and other essential minerals and vitamins. The production of artificial milk has been commercialized and scaled up in foreign countries. They produce milk substitutes for different production stages of calves, and the amount of water to be added needs to be formulated according to the instructions. Protein in artificial milk is provided by skimmed milk powder, which is expensive, so it can also be replaced by soybean protein, but calves have lower digestibility of vegetable protein. All the raw materials that make up the milk replacer must be of good quality. The inferior milk replacer is not only easy to cause yak disease, but also hinders the calf from eating so as to cause growth retardation and severely causes calf diarrhea and death. Milk temperature is a link that must be paid attention to when feeding artificial milk. Excessively high or low temperatures are not conducive to the digestion and utilization of calves. Overcooling can easily cause yak squatting and overheating easily burn calves, causing the next refusal to eat.

Training yak to feed the grass as soon as possible can promote the development of rumen. The activity of rumen of calf increases with the increase of the amount of grass or hay. Generally, the calf can be trained to eat high-quality green hay in the first 2 weeks after birth, and a small amount of high-quality green is scattered. In front of the bullpen, the yak will try to eat a bit, and gradually it will gradually increase the intake as the body needs to grow. High quality hay powder is also mixed into milk or milk substitutes to feed calves, but too fine hay powder is not conducive to rumen development and digestion. Developed countries such as the Netherlands sent freshly cut green grass to the grass processing plant immediately, dried at the fastest speed, and only lost a small amount of nutrients and fed the calf. When the calves are 3 weeks old and can digest some of the non-milk proteins, they can be properly formulated with a mix of starter concentrates, such as egg powder, finely ground bean flour, gelatinized corn, and cereal sugars.

The amount of starting food is generally the first day, and then gradually increase. Yak raw materials can not be ground too fine, otherwise it is not conducive to the healthy development of rumen ruminal, and even damage the calf's digestive tract. The starter material should be ground to a rough point, and it is best to make a good mix with hay. Hay can provide a "grinding" effect. The purpose of opening foodstuffs is to adapt the yak to the transition from feeding the milk to eating concentrates and fodder completely, so it is related to the success or failure of the calf's early weaning. In general, calves are weaned from 30 to 45 days of age abroad. In the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, calves were fed colostrum one week after birth and artificial milk and a small amount of high quality hay were fed one week later. After about two weeks, they were fed a diet until they were able to eat 1 kilogram of milk. After the weaning, the yak's feed is mainly green and juicy and feeds a certain amount of concentrate. When calves are weaned, the daily feed amount of concentrates is 1 to 1.3 kilograms, and then the feed amount of the concentrates is slowly increased. The feed amount of concentrates at the age of 6 months is 2.8 kilograms. Feed 3 times a day, first feed the succulent feed, then again silage, then high quality hay, and finally drink water. The rumen of calves at weaning has not yet fully developed, supplemented with amino acids (such as essential amino acids such as lysine, tryptophan and isoleucine), rumen-protected cellulase and hemicellulose complex enzymes, and pollution-free feeding microorganisms ( Lactobacillus, bifidobacteria, etc., will help the growth of calves, and oligosaccharides have recently been widely used in the feed industry as a new green feed additive. The above feed additive can not only increase the growth rate, feed conversion rate, but also does not remain. In addition, in the heifers' roughage, straw feeds cannot be fed too much and too early. For cattle farms that are conditionally fed with hay and silage, straws are only emergency feeds, and feed quality should be ensured at this time. At this time, when yak digests, absorbs, and the circulatory organ system grows vigorously, the nutrient requirement is large. To feed high-quality or medium-quality coarse material, according to the dry matter, the coarse material is higher than 50% of the concentrate material. Developing habits of eating coarse material can promote rumen development.

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