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Anxiety (a state of high anxiety, anxiety, or fear resulting from a threatening event or situation, the patient often achieves physical and mental dysfunction) is sometimes a good thing, when something starts to go wrong, or the danger is near It can give an alert. The signal it sends at the first time can give you time to prepare for unexpected events. Occasionally, a small amount of anxiety may save your life, but the ongoing recurrent anxiety can cause great harm. If the secretion of hormones in your body is flooding and your body is in a state of high alert, it will also damage your brain, your immune system and other aspects.
Plants are not as anxious as humans. But they also suffer from stress, and they deal with stress in the same way that humans produce hormones when they are stressed. They produce a chemical signal, peroxide, which puts the rest of the plant on high alert. Peroxide is toxic and excessive secretion can harm the plant itself. This may be the problem of planting plants on Mars.
On Mars, plants will face and endure the conditions that would normally put them under tremendous pressure—severe cold, drought, low pressure, and difficult-to-grow soil conditions. But plant physiologist Wendy Bowes and microbiologist Amy Grant from North Carolina State University believe that they can breed plants that can survive in such harsh environments. Their work is supported by the NASA Advanced Concept Agency.
Pressure management is the key: Surprisingly, there are already earth creatures that are growing robustly in a Mars-like environment. They are some of the Earth's early life forms - such as some ancient microorganisms that grow at the bottom of the ocean or deep in the Arctic ice. Bowes and Grant hope to cultivate plants in the environment of pro-Mars stars by extracting some genes from these microorganisms that can survive in extreme environments. The first genes to be extracted are those that enhance the plant's resistance to stress.
Ordinary plants already have their own ways of detoxifying peroxides, but researchers believe that there is a better way for microorganisms to become Pyrococcus pyogenes. Pyrogocococcus pneumococcus lives in an opening at the bottom of the ocean that scatters hot water and dissolves minerals, but this cocci is periodically sprayed into cold seawater. So, unlike the way the plant interprets itself, this Pyrococci can work at incredible temperatures of 100 degrees Celsius. This temperature condition is similar to the greenhouse conditions on Mars, and it is the environment that plants will experience.
Researchers have transplanted the genes of Pyrogococcus pneumococci to a small, rapidly growing plant called Arabidopsis thaliana. "We're going to grow these plants big and collect the seeds to make the second and third generations." In a year and a half to two years, the researchers hoped to grow plants that had at least two in each The gene copy. By then, they will be able to study how this gene works: Is it because they secrete functional enzymes or something else? Can they really help plants survive? Or, in turn, they will hurt these plants in some ways?
Finally, researchers hope to extract genes from other microorganisms that can survive in harsh environments—these genes must survive drought, cold, low atmospheric pressure, and other harsh conditions. Of course, the ultimate goal is not only to cultivate plants that can survive in the Mars environment, but what is really important is that these plants can thrive: they can produce crops, which can make the water recycled and reused. "In the greenhouse on Mars, what we really need is plants that can grow and become strong in the edge environment," Bowes said.
In a stressful environment, Grant commented that plants often stop partially. They stop growing and regenerating. Instead they focus their energy on survival - nothing more. Bose and Grant hope to change this situation by implanting genes in plants. "By implanting the genes of other organisms, you have made a little joke with these plants because plants cannot control these foreign genes as they regulate their own parts. We want to make plants stop their metabolism under stressful conditions. This ability was short-circuited," Grant explained.
If Bowes and Grant's research is successful, their work will make a huge difference in the survival of human beings on the harsh environment of the Earth. In many third world countries, Bowes said: "When the dry season comes, if you can delay crops for one to two weeks, then you can still get the last harvest that can be used to maintain the entire winter. If we can enhance drought resistance Or cold tolerance and extend the growth of crops, which will bring a lot of differences to the lives of many people."
Scientists emphasized that Bowes and Grant’s project is a long-term project. "We have to wait at least a year and a half before we can get the first gene we can test for planting plants," Grant said. There is still a long way to go before the first drought-tolerant tomatoes can be grown to Mars -- or planted in North Dakota. But Grant and Bowes are confident that they will succeed.
"Microorganisms that can live under harsh conditions are simply a treasure, so if a gene doesn't work, we can try to find another organism's genes to try until we find the right gene we need," Grant said. "Amy is right. It's a rich treasure. It's an exciting thing," Bowes agreed.
According to the "Daily Science" website reported on August 16, according to the imagination of space exploration, humanity will begin to visit and develop Mars in the coming decades. Inevitably, humans will also bring the plants together. Because plants can provide food, oxygen, partnerships, and large green areas far from home.