Pitot tube, also known as "airspeed tube", English is PITOT. The airspeed tube, also called the wind vane, also known as the airflow direction sensor or the flow angle sensor, is connected to a precision potentiometer (or synchronous machine or resolver) to provide a direction of air flow indicative of the longitudinal axis of the truss relative to the atmosphere. electric signal It is mainly used to measure the speed of the aircraft, but also has many other functions. Artificial Sweeteners
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The airspeed tube is an extremely important measurement tool on the aircraft. It must be installed in an area where the airflow outside the aircraft is less affected by the aircraft, usually in front of the nose, in front of the tail or wing tip. At the same time, for the sake of safety, an aircraft usually has more than two airspeed tubes installed. Some aircraft have two small airspeed tubes on either side of the fuselage. The US stealth fighter F-117 installed four omnidirectional atmospheric data probes in front of the nose, so the aircraft can measure not only large pneumatic pressure and static pressure, but also the aircraft's side slip angle and angle of attack. Some aircraft have several small blades on the outside of the airspeed tube, which can also play a similar role; the vertical installation is used to measure the aircraft's side slip angle, and the horizontally mounted blades can measure the aircraft's angle of attack.
The principle of the airspeed tube measuring the speed of the aircraft is such that when the aircraft flies forward, the airflow rushes into the airspeed tube, and the sensor at the end of the tube senses the impact force of the airflow, that is, the dynamic pressure. The faster the plane flies, the greater the dynamic pressure. If you compare the static pressure with the dynamic pressure when the air is at rest, you can know how fast the incoming air is, that is, how fast the airplane flies. The tool for comparing the two pressures is a hollow circular box with a corrugated surface made of two thin sheets of metal, called a bellows. The box is sealed, but one tube is connected to the airspeed tube. If the airplane is fast, the dynamic pressure will increase, the pressure inside the bellows will increase, and the bellows will bulge. The deformation of the bellows can be measured and displayed with a pointer using a device consisting of small levers and gears. This is the simple aircraft airspeed indicator.
In addition to the opening in front of the modern airspeed tube, there are many small holes around the tube, and another tube is passed into the airspeed meter to measure the static atmospheric pressure. This pressure is called static pressure. The deformation size of the bellows in the airspeed meter is determined by the difference between the static pressure outside the capsule and the dynamic pressure inside the capsule.
The static pressure measured by the airspeed tube can also be used as a calculation parameter for the altimeter. If the capsule is completely sealed, the pressure inside is always equal to the pressure of the ground air. In this way, when the aircraft flies into the air, the height increases, and the static pressure measured by the airspeed tube drops, the bellows will bulge, and the deformation of the bellows can be measured to measure the height of the aircraft. This altimeter is called a barometric altimeter.
The static pressure measured by the airspeed tube can also be made into a "lifting speedometer", which measures the speed of the aircraft's altitude change (climbing rate). There is also a bellows in the watch, but the pressure inside the bellows is not measured by the dynamic pressure measured by the airspeed tube but by a special tube with a small hole at the outlet. The small hole size on this tube is specifically designed to limit the rate of change in air pressure within the capsule. If the aircraft rises quickly, the air pressure in the bellows cannot be quickly reduced by the small holes, and the air pressure outside the bellows can quickly reach the pressure equivalent to the outside atmosphere due to the static pressure holes on the straight air-speed tube. Then the bellows bulges. Measuring the deformation of the capsule can calculate the speed at which the aircraft rises. When the plane descends, the opposite is true. The pressure outside the capsule is rapidly increased, and the air pressure inside the capsule can only rise slowly, so the capsule collapses and the pointer is driven, showing a negative rate of climb, ie, a rate of decline. After the airplane flies flat, the air pressure inside and outside the bellows is gradually equal, the bellows returns to its normal shape, and the lifting speedometer indicates zero.
The airspeed tube is an extremely important measurement tool on the aircraft. It must be installed in an area where the airflow outside the aircraft is less affected by the aircraft, usually in front of the nose, in front of the tail or wing tip. At the same time, for the sake of safety, an aircraft usually has more than two airspeed tubes installed. Some aircraft have two small airspeed tubes on either side of the fuselage. The US stealth fighter F-117 installed four omnidirectional atmospheric data probes in front of the nose, so the aircraft can measure not only large pneumatic pressure and static pressure, but also the aircraft's side slip angle and angle of attack. Some aircraft have several small blades on the outside of the airspeed tube, which can also play a similar role; the vertical installation is used to measure the aircraft's side slip angle, and the horizontally mounted blades can measure the aircraft's angle of attack.
The speed measured by the airspeed tube is not the speed of the aircraft actually relative to the ground, but only the speed relative to the atmosphere, so it is called the airspeed. If there is wind, the speed of the aircraft relative to the ground (called ground speed) should also be added to the wind speed (flying downwind) or minus the wind speed (flying against the wind). In addition, the principle of velocity measurement of the airspeed tube utilizes dynamic pressure, which is related to atmospheric density. The same relative airflow speed, if the atmospheric density is low, the dynamic pressure is small, and the bellows deformation in the airspeed meter is small. Therefore, the same airspeed is lower in the altitude indication than in the low altitude. This airspeed is generally referred to as "table speed." Modern airspeed meters have two hands, one is thinner and the other is wider. The wide pointer indicates the "table speed", and the thin one indicates the airspeed corresponding to the ground atmospheric pressure after various corrections, called "solid speed".
In order to prevent the small hole at the front end of the airspeed tube from being blocked by ice during flight, the airspeed tube on the general aircraft is electrically heated.
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